1 0 0 0 Canada. Statistics Canada/ 0 Census of Canada 1986 : public use microdata file on households and housing. Documentation and User's Guide 0 Based on: Canada. Statistics Canada/ 1986 census public use microdata file on households and housing : documentation and user's guide. [Ottawa, Ont.]: Statistics Canada, April 1989. 0 compiled by University of Toronto Data Library Service 05/12/1989 Prelim. edition 12/89 (Editorial note: does not contain all appendices) ____________________________________________________________ 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS I Introduction II Content II.A Overview of the contents II.B Confidentiality II.C Description of variables III Data quality III.A Sample design and estimation III.A.1 Target population and geographical limitations of the file III.A.2 Sample design III.A.3 Estimation III.A.4 Data reliability III.B Other factors affecting data reliability III.B.1 Adjustments to geostatistical areas III.B.2 Population count based on usual residence III.B.3 Immigrant population and population born outside Canada III.B.4 Mobility status III.B.5 Number of weeks worked III.B.6 Labour force activity III.B.7 Comparability and quality of language data III.B.8 Comparability of data on ethnic origin III.B.9 Household maintainer III.B.10 Structural type of dwelling III.B.11 Income data IV 1986 Census reference publications 1 I. Introduction The microdata file on households and dwellings, derived from the 1986 census, contains a wide range of statistical data on the population of Canada, the provinces and most metropolitan areas. These data are based on a sample of 115,000 households, representing approximately 1% of all households in Canada. The file provides data on households per se, such as total income of household members, and the dwellings they occupy, such as date of construction. As well, extensive demographic, social and economic information about the household maintainer and his/her spouse, and about the maintainer's economic family are provided. This file is unique among census products since it allows users to return to the base unit of the census, enabling them to group data to suit their own requirements. As a result, it is a powerful analytical and research tool. As it is imperative for Statistics Canada to preserve the confidentiality of the data, some of the information collected during the census are not available in this file. This document informs users of the content of the file and how to use the computer tape. The reader will also find information on the characteristics of the sample, along with notes on the reliability of the estimates derived from the data. Two other microdata files from the 1986 Census will also be available. One contains data on individuals, while the other provides data on families. 1 II. CONTENT 0 This chapter lists and describes the approximately 100 variables contained in the Household and Housing Public Use Microdata File. II.A Overview of the Contents An overview of the contents of the file follows. The information is organized according to four themes: - dwellings - households - household maintainer and spouse - household maintainer's economic family. Caution must be exercised with the use and interpretation of some variables, such as the concept of household maintainer. In these cases, the reader is referred to "Data Quality" for associated data quality notes. 0 Identification and geography Columns Format PROV Province 1 - 2 F2.0 URBRU Urban/rural code 3 - 3 F1.0 CMAPUST Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) code 4 - 6 F3.0 WEIGHT Household weight 7 - 9 F3.0 Private households HHINDA Indicator of persons 0-4 years of age 10 - 10 F1.0 HHINDB Indicator of persons 0-17 years of age 11 - 11 F1.0 HHPERA Number of persons under 5 years of age 12 - 12 F1.0 HHPERB1 Number of males 5 to 17 years of age 13 - 13 F1.0 HHPERB2 Number of females 5 to 17 years of age 14 - 14 F1.0 HHPERD Number of persons 18 to 24 years of age 15 - 15 F1.0 HHPERE Number of persons 25 to 59 years of age 16 - 16 F1.0 HHPERF Number of persons 60 to 64 years of age 17 - 17 F1.0 HHPERG Number of persons 65 to 74 years of age 18 - 18 F1.0 HHPERH Number of persons 75 years of age and 19 - 19 F1.0 over HHSIZE Household size 20 - 20 F1.0 HHCOMP Household composition 21 - 21 F1.0 HHNONFAM Number of unattached individuals 22 - 22 F1.0 HHNUEF Number of economic families 23 - 23 F1.0 HHNULDG Number of lodgers 24 - 24 F1.0 HHNUEMPI Number of employment income recipients 25 - 25 F1.0 HHNUTOTI Number of income recipients 26 - 26 F1.0 HHMSINC Major source of household income 27 - 27 F1.0 HHEMPINC Total household employment income 28 - 34 F7.0 HHNETINV Total household investment income 35 - 41 F7.0 HHGOVINC Total household government transfer 42 - 48 F7.0 payments HHOTINC All other household income 49 - 55 F7.0 HHTOTINC Total household income 56 - 62 F7.0 Occupied private dwellings DTYPEH Structural type of dwelling 63 - 63 F1.0 BUILTH Period of construction 64 - 64 F1.0 TENURH Tenure 65 - 65 F1.0 MORG Presence of mortgage 66 - 66 F1.0 RCONDH Tenure - condominium 67 - 67 F1.0 ROOM Number of rooms 68 - 69 F2.0 HEATH Main type of heating equipment 70 - 70 F1.0 FUELHH Principal heating fuel 71 - 71 F1.0 VALUEH Value of dwelling 72 - 77 F6.0 Shelter costs GROSRTH Monthly gross rent 78 - 81 F4.0 RENTH Monthly cash rent 82 - 84 F3.0 OMPH Owners major payments (monthly) 85 - 88 F4.0 MPPIT Monthly payments for principal, interest 89 - 92 F4.0 and property taxes Household maintainer HMAGE Age 93 - 94 F2.0 HMSEX Sex 95 - 95 F1.0 HMMARST Marital status 96 - 96 F1.0 HMEFAMST Household maintainer's economic 97 - 97 F1.0 family status HMBIRTPL Place of birth 98 - 98 F1.0 HMETHNIC Ethnic origin 99 - 99 F1.0 HMIMMIG Period of immigration 100 - 100 F1.0 HHMOTG Mother tongue 101 - 101 F1.0 HMOFFLG Official language 102 - 102 F1.0 HMMOB5 Mobility status 103 - 103 F1.0 HMHLOS Highest level of schooling 104 - 104 F1.0 HMOCC81 Occupation (based on the 1980 class- 105 - 106 F2.0 ification) HMLFACT Labour force activity 107 - 107 F1.0 HMCOW Class of worker 108 - 108 F1.0 HMWKSWK Weeks worked in 1985 109 - 110 F1.0 HMFPTWK Work activity in 1985 111 - 111 F1.0 HMMSINC Major source of income 112 - 112 F1.0 HMEMPINC Employment income 113 - 119 F7.0 HMNETINV Investment income 120 - 126 F7.0 HMGOVINC Government transfer payments 127 - 133 F7.0 HMOTINC Retirement pensions and other money 134 - 140 F7.0 income HMTOTINC Total income 141 - 147 F7.0 Maintainer's spouse SPAGE Age 148 - 149 F2.0 SPSEX Sex 150 - 150 F1.0 SPBIRTPL Place of birth 151 - 151 F1.0 SPETHNIC Ethnic origin 152 - 152 F1.0 SPMOTG Mother tongue 153 - 153 F1.0 SPOFFLG Official language 154 - 154 F1.0 SPIMMIG Period of immigration 155 - 155 F1.0 SPMOB5 Mobility status 156 - 156 F1.0 SPHLOS Highest level of schooling 157 - 157 F1.0 SPOCC81 Occupation (based on the 1980 class- 158 - 159 F2.0 ification) SPLFACT Labour force activity 160 - 160 F1.0 SPCOW Class of worker 161 - 161 F1.0 SPWKSWK Weeks worked in 1985 162 - 163 F2.0 SPFPTWK Work activity in 1985 164 - 164 F1.0 SPMSINC Major source of income 165 - 165 F1.0 SPEMPINC Employment income 166 - 172 F7.0 SPNETINV Investment income 173 - 179 F7.0 SPGOVINC Government transfer payments 180 - 186 F7.0 SPOTINC Retirement pensions and other money 187 - 193 F7.0 income SPTOTINC Total income 194 - 200 F7.0 Maintainer's economic family EFSIZE Number of persons in economic family 201 - 201 F1.0 EFADULT Number of adults 202 - 202 F1.0 EFPERSGH Number of persons 65 years of age and 203 - 203 F1.0 over EFPERSA Number of persons under 6 years of age 204 - 204 F1.0 EFPERSB Number of persons 6 to 15 years of age 205 - 205 F1.0 EFPERSC Number of persons 16 to 17 years of age 206 - 206 F1.0 EFPERSD Number of persons 18 to 24 years of age 207 - 207 F1.0 EFCOMP Economic family composition 208 - 208 F1.0 EFNUEMPI Number of employment income recipients 209 - 209 F1.0 EFNUTOTI Number of income recipients 210 - 210 F1.0 EFLOINC Income status of maintainer's economic 211 - 211 F1.0 family and incidence of low income EFMSINC Major source of family income 212 - 212 F1.0 EFEMPINC Total family employment income 213 - 219 F7.0 EFNETINV Family investment income 220 - 226 F7.0 EFGOVINC Total family government transfer 227 - 233 F7.0 EFOTINC All other family income 234 - 240 F7.0 EFTOTINC Total family income 241 - 247 F7.0 II.B Confidentiality of Data It is imperative that Statistics Canada preserve the confidentiality of the information collected. Considering the nature of the microdata file, special measures must be taken to meet this objective: (i) Reduced Level of Detail: Samll geographic area identifiers for households are not given. It is also not possible to provide as detailed information on household characteristics as it is in other census products that present aggregate data. Some data have been aggregated, providing the maximum detail without disclosure, while maintaining the analytical value of the data. For example, the variable "Occupation of household maintainer" would not indicate "Physician", but rather the more general classification "Medical and Health Occupations". This category would also include other medical occupations, such as "Nurse". (ii) Data Suppression: To further protect the confidentiality of responses, categories which contain few persons must occasionally be suppressed. In these cases, the label "Not Available" is included in the description of the variable. In addition to suppression, other special techniques are applied. Income data are `rounded' to respect pre-established high and low revenue limits. Further information on income data is provided in "Data Quality". 1 II.C Description of variables 0 PROV Province 1 - 2 F2.0 CONTENT COMMENTS Newfoundland 10 Two-digit code used to identify the region and province Prince Edward Island 11 where people reside. Position 1 identifies the region. The Nova Scotia 12 region is a statistical unit created by Statistics Canada New Brunswick 13 and consists of one province or a group of contiguous Quebec 24 provinces. Position 2 identifies the province. The province Ontario 35 refers to the major political division of Canada. Manitoba 46 Saskatchewan 47 Alberta 48 British Columbia 59 Yukon, Northwest Territories 60 0 URBRU Urban/rural code 3 - 3 F1.0 CONTENT COMMENTS CMA or CA 1 This variable indicates whether the household is located in a census metropolitan area (CMA) or a census agglomeration Not a CMA or CA (CA). If it is located outside a CMA or a CA, the variable shows whether the household is within an urban area or a Urban area 2 rural area. A CMA is the main labour market area of an Rural area 3 urbanized core having at least 100,000 population. A CA is Not applicable 0 M the main labour market area of an urbanized core having at least 10,000 population. Urban refers to an area having a population concentration of 1,000 or more and a population density of 400 or more per square kilometre. Rural refers to the area outside of "urban areas". Note: '0' includes Prince Edward Island, Yukon, Northwest Territories. 0 CMAPUST Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) code 4 - 6 F3.0 CONTENT COMMENTS Halifax 205 Three-digit Geographical Classification (SGC) code used to Chicoutimi-Jonquiere 408 identify the census metropolitan area (CMA) where people Quebec 421 reside. A CMA is the main labour market area of an urbanized Montreal 462 core having at least 100,000 population. CMAs are created by Ottawa-Hull 505 Statistics Canada and are usually known by the name of the Oshawa 532 urban area forming their urbanized core. CMAs are comprised Toronto 535 of complete municipalities (or census subdivisions). Hamilton 537 St.Catharines-Niagara 539 Kitchener 541 London 555 Windsor 559 Winnipeg 602 Regina 705 Saskatoon 725 Calgary 825 Edmonton 835 Vancouver 933 Victoria 935 Trois-Rivieres (442 ) and Sherbrooke 499 (433) Sudbury (580) and Thunder Bay (595) 599 All other 000 0 WEIGHT Household weight 7 - 9 F3.0 COMMENTS Corresponds to the number of households represented by the record. Therefore, the weighting factor must be used to get the required estimate. 0 HHINDA Indicator of persons 0-4 years of age 10 - 10 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE None 0 Population in private households. Odd 1 COMMENTS Even 2 Refers to whether the number of persons 0-4 years of age in the household is an even number or an odd number. Note: '0' includes households with no persons 0-4 years of age. 0 HHINDB Indicator of persons 0-17 years of age 11 - 11 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE None 0 Population in private households. Odd 1 COMMENTS Even 2 Refers to whether the number of persons 0-17 years of age in the household is an even number or an odd number. Note: '0' includes households with no persons 0-17 years of age. 0 HHPERA Number of persons under 5 years of age 12 - 12 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE None 0 Population in private households. One 1 COMMENTS Two 2 Refers to the number of persons 0 to 4 years of age in the Three or more persons 3 household. Not available 9 M 0 HHPERB1 Number of males 5 to 17 years of age 13 - 13 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE None 0 Population in private households. One 1 COMMENTS Two 2 Refers to the number of males 5 to 17 years of age in the Three or more males 3 household. Not available 9 M 0 HHPERB2 Number of females 5 to 17 years of age 14 - 14 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE None 0 Population in private households. One 1 COMMENTS Two 2 Refers to the number of females 5 to 17 years of age in the Three or more females 3 household. Not available 9 M 0 HHPERD Number of persons 18 to 24 years of age 15 - 15 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE None 0 Population in private households. One 1 COMMENTS Two 2 Refers to the number of persons 18 to 24 years of age in the Three or more persons 3 household. Not available 9 M 0 HHPERE Number of persons 25 to 59 years of age 16 - 16 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE None 0 Population in private households. One 1 COMMENTS Two 2 Refers to the number of persons 25 to 59 years of age in the Three 3 household. Four or more persons 4 Not available 9 M 0 HHPERF Number of persons 60 to 64 years of age 17 - 17 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE None 0 Population in private households. One 1 COMMENTS Two or more persons 2 Refers to the number of persons 60 to 64 years of age in the Not available 9 M household. 0 HHPERG Number of persons 65 to 74 years of age 18 - 18 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE None 0 Population in private households. One 1 COMMENTS Two or more persons 2 Refers to the number of persons 65 to 74 years of age in the Not available 9 M household. 0 HHPERH Number of persons 75 years of age and 19 - 19 F1.0 over CONTENT COVERAGE None 0 Population in private households. One 1 COMMENTS Two or more persons 2 Refers to the number of persons 75 years of age and over in Not available 9 M the household. 0 HHSIZE Household size 20 - 20 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE One 1 Population in private households. Two 2 COMMENTS Three 3 Refers to the total number of persons in a private Four 4 household. Five 5 Six 6 Seven 7 Eight or more persons 8 0 HHCOMP Household composition 21 - 21 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE Non-family household, one person only 1 Population in private households. Non-family household, 2 or more persns 2 COMMENTS One-family hhld, no unattached indivs 3 This variable gives the number and type of economic family One-family hhld, with unattached indiv 4 units in the household. An economic family is defined as a Multiple-family household 5 group of individuals sharing a common dwelling unit and related by blood, marriage or adoption. Persons living common-law are considered as now married regardless of their legal marital status. Unattached individuals refers to household members who are not members of an economic family. A person living alone is always an unattached individual. 0 HHNONFAM Number of unattached individuals in 22 - 22 F1.0 household CONTENT COVERAGE None 0 Population in private households. One 1 COMMENTS Two 2 Refers to the number of household members who are not Three or more persons 3 members of an economic family. A person living alone is always an unattached individual. 0 HHNUEF Number of economic families in household 23 - 23 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE None 0 Population in private households. One economic family 1 COMMENTS Two or more economic families 2 Refers to the presence and number of economic families in the household. An economic family is defined as a group of individuals sharing a common dwelling unit and related by blood, marriage, adoption or common law. Note: '0' includes non-economic family households. 0 HHNULDG Number of lodgers in household 24 - 24 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE None 0 Population in private households. One 1 COMMENTS Two or more lodgers 2 Refers to the number of lodgers in the household. A lodger is a person who is unrelated to the household maintainer. 0 HHNUEMPI Number of employment income recipients 25 - 25 F1.0 in household CONTENT COVERAGE No recipients 0 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. One recipient 1 COMMENTS Two recipients 2 This refers to the number of individuals in the household, 15 years of Three recipients 3 age and over, who received income from wages and salaries, net income Four recipients 4 from non-farm self-employment and/or net farm income. Five or more recipients 5 0 HHNUTOTI Number of income recipients 26 - 26 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE No recipients 0 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. One recipient 1 COMMENTS Two recipients 2 Refers to the number of individuals in the household, 15 years of age Three recipients 3 and over, who received income from any of the following sources: wages Four recipients 4 and salaries, net non-farm self-employment, net farm self-employment, Five or more recipients 5 family allowances, federal child tax credits, old age security pension and guaranteed income supplement, benefits from Canada or Quebec Pension Plan, unemployment insurance, other income from government sources, dividends and interest on investment income, retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities or other money income. 0 HHMSINC Major source of household income 27 - 27 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE No income 1 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. Wages and salaries 2 COMMENTS Self-employment income 3 Refers to that income component which constitutes the largest proportion Government transfer payments 4 of the total income of a household. The amounts from various sources of Investment income 5 income were combined into five components as follows: wages and salaries, Other income 6 self-employment (non-farm and farm), government transfer payments, investment income and other income (retirement pensions and other money income). The absolute values for these components were compared and the component with the largest absolute value was designated as the major source of income. 0 HHEMPINC Total household employment income 28 - 34 F7.0 CONTENT - COVERAGE Not applicable 9999999 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. COMMENTS Refers to the total income received by all persons in the household, 15 years of age and over, during calendar year 1985 as wages and salaries, net income from non-farm self-employment and/or net farm income. This is a signed numeric field and shows the actual amount received in 1985 except for certain cases where the reported amount was beyond specified limits. For further information on income data, see "Data Quality". 0 HHNETINV Total household investment income 35 - 41 F7.0 COVERAGE Population 15 years of age and over in private households. COMMENTS Refers to interest received in calendar year 1985 by all persons 15 years of age and over in the household from deposits in banks, trust companies, co-operatives, credit unions, caisses populaires, etc., as well as interest on savings certificates, bonds and debentures and all dividends from both Canadian and foreign stocks. Also included is other investment income from either Canadian or foreign sources such as net rents from real estate, mortgage and loan interest received, regular income from an estate or trust fund, and interest from insurance policies. This a signed numeric field and shows the actual amount received in 1985 except for certain cases where the reported amount was beyond specified limits. For further information on income data, see "Data Quality". 0 HHGOVINC Total household government transfer 42 - 48 F7.0 payments COVERAGE Population 15 years of age and over in private households. COMMENTS Refers to all amounts received by all persons 15 years of age and over in the household from federal, provincial and municipal governments during calendar year 1985. For a description of amounts included in this source, see Old Age Pensions, Family Allowances, Benefits from Canada or Quebec Pension Plan, Federal Child Tax Credits, Unemployment Insurance Benefits and Other Government Transfer Payments under Total Household Income. The 1986 census included federal child tax credits as a source of income for the first time. Actual amount coded. This variable is always positive. 0 HHOTINC All other household income 49 - 55 F7.0 COVERAGE Population 15 years of age and over in private households. COMMENTS Refers to all regular income received during calendar year 1985 by all persons 15 years of age and over in the household as the result of having been a member of a pension plan of one or more employees. It includes payments received from all annuities, including payments from a matured registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) in the form of a life annuity, a fixed term annuity, a registered retirement income fund or an income-averaging annuity contract; pensions paid to widows or other relatives of deceased pensioners; pensions of retired civil servants, Armed Forces personnel and RCMP officers; annuity payments received from the Canadian Government Annuities Fund, an insurance compay, etc. Does not include lump-sum death benefits, lump-sum benefits or withdrawals from a pension plan or RRSP or refunds of overcontributions. Also includes regular cash income received during calendar year 1985 and not included in any of the other sources, e.g., alimony, child support, periodic support from other persons not in the household, net income from roomers and boarders, income from abroad (except dividends and interest), non-refundable scholarships and bursaries, severance pay, royalties, strike pay. This variable is always positive and shows the actual amount received in 1985 except for certain cases where the reported amount was beyond specified limits. For further information on income data, see "Data Quality". 0 HHTOTINC Total household income 56 - 62 F7.0 COVERAGE Population 15 years of age and over in private households. COMMENTS Refers to the total income of a household which is the sum of amounts received by all individuals 15 years of age and over in the household during calendar year 1985 from the sources listed below. (1) Wages and Salaries These are gross wages and salaries before deductions for such items as income tax, pensions, unemployment insurance, etc. Included in this source are military pay and allowances, tips, commissions, cash bonuses as well as all types of casual earnings in calendar year 1985. All income "in kind" such as free board and lodging is excluded. (2) Net Non-farm Self-employment Income Refers to net income (gross receipts minus expenses of operation such as wages, rents, depreciation, etc.) received during calendar year 1985 from the respondent's non-farm unincorporated business or professional practice. In the case of a partnership, only the respondent's share was to be reported. Also included is net income from persons baby-sitting in their own homes, operators of direct distributorships such as selling and delivering cosmetics, as well as from free-lance activities of artists, writers, music teachers, hairdressers, dressmakers, etc. (3) Net Farm Self-employment Income Refers to net income (gross receipts from farm sales minus depreciation and cost of operation) received during calendar year 1985 from the operation of a farm, either on own account or in partnership. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share of income was to be reported. Also included are advance, supplementary or assistance payments to farmers by federal or provincial governments. However, the value of income "in kind", such as agricultural products produced and consumed on the farm is excluded. (4) Family Allowances Refers to total allowances paid in calendar year 1985 by the federal and provincial governments in respect of dependent children under 18 years of age. These allowances, though not collected directly from the respondents, were calculated and included in the income of one of the parents. (5) Federal Child Tax Credits Refers to federal child tax credits paid in calendar year 1985 by the federal government in respect of dependent children under 18 years of age. The 1986 census included federal child tax credits as a source of income for the first time. No information was collected from the respondents on child tax credits. Instead, these were calculated in the course of processing and assigned, where applicable, to one of the parents in the census family on the basis of information on children in the family and the family income. (6) Old Age Security Pension and Guaranteed Income Supplement Refers to old age security pensions and guaranteed income supplements paid to persons 65 years of age and over, and spouses' allowances paid to 60 to 64 year-old spouses of old age security recipients by the federal government only during calendar year 1985. Also included are extended spouses' allowances paid to 60 to 64 year-old widows/widowers whose spouse was an old age security pension recipient. (7) Benefits from Canada or Quebec Pension Plan Refers to benefits received in calendar year 1985 under the Canada or Quebec Pension Plan, e.g., retirement pensions, survivors' benefits, disability pensions. Does not include retirement pensions of civil servants, RCMP and military personnel or lump-sum death benefits. (8) Benefits from Unemployment Insurance Refers to total unemployment insurance benefits received in calendar year 1985, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for sickness, maternity, fishing, work sharing, retraining and retirement received under the Federal Unemployment Insurance program. (9) Other Income from Government Sources Refers to all transfer payments, excluding those covered as a separate income source (family allowances, federal child tax credits, old age security pensions and guaranteed income supplements, Canada/Quebec Pension Plan benefits and unemployment insurance benefits) received from federal, provincial or municipal programs in calendar year 1985. This source includes transfer payments received by persons in need such as mothers with dependent children, persons temporarily or permanently unable to work, elderly individuals, the blind and the disabled. Included are provincial income supplement payments to seniors to supplement old age security and guaranteed income supplement and provincial payments to seniors to help offset accommodation costs. Also included are other transfer payments such as for training under the National Training Program (NTP), veterans' pensions, war veterans' allowance, pensions to widows and dependants of veterans, workers' compensation, etc. Additionally, provinvial tax credits and allowances claimed on the income tax return are included. (10) Dividends and Interest on Bonds, Deposits and Savings Certificates, and Other Investment Income Refers to interest received in calendar year 1985 from deposits in banks, trust companies, co-operatives, credit unions, caisses populaires, etc., as well as interest on savings certificates, bonds and debentures and all dividends from both Canadian and foreign stocks. Also included is other investment income from either Canadian or foreign sources such as net rents from real estate, mortgage and loan interest received, regular income from an estate or trust fund, and interest from insurance policies. (11) Retirement Pensions, Superannuation and Annuities Refers to all regular income received during calendar year 1985 as the result of having been a member of a pension plan of one or more employers. It includes payments received from all annuities, including payments from a mature registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) in the form of a life annuity, a fixed term annuity, a registered retirement income fund or an income-averaging annuity contract; pensions paid to widows or other relatives of deceased pensioners; pensions of retired civil servants, Armed Forces personnel and RCMP officers; annuity payments received from the Canadian Government Annuities Fund, an insurance company, etc. Does not include lump-sum death benefits, lump- sum benefits or withdrawals from a pension plan or RRSP or refunds of overcontributions. (12) Other Money Income Refers to regular cash income received during calendar year 1985 and not reported in any of the other nine sources listed on the questionnaire, e.g., alimony, child support, periodic support from other persons not in the household, net income from roomers and boarders, income from abroad (except dividends and interest), non-refundable scholarships and bursaries, severance pay, royalties, strike pay. Receipts Not Counted as Income Gambling gains and losses, money inherited during the year in a lump sum, capital gains or losses, receipts from the sale of property or personal belongings, income tax refunds, loan payments received, loans repaid to an individual as the lender, lump sum settlements of insurance policies, rebates of property taxes and other taxes, and refunds of pensions contributions were excluded as well as all income in kind such as free meals, living accommodations, or food and fuel produced on own farm. Remarks No income information was collected from institutional residents in the 1986 census. Individuals immigrating to Canada in 1986 have zero income. Also, because of response problems, all individuals in Hutterite colonies were assigned zero income. Furthermore, data on households, economic families, unattached individuals, census families and non- family persons relate to private households only. This is signed numeric field and shows the actual amount received in 1985 except for certain cases where the reported amount was beyond specified limits. For further information on income data, see "Data Quality". 0 DTYPEH Structural type of dwelling 63 - 63 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE Single-detached house 1 Occupied private dwellings. Apartment in a building that has COMMENTS five or more storeys 2 Refers to the structural characteristics and/or dwelling configuration, Apartment in a building that as less that is, whether the dwelling is a detached single house, apartment, than five storeys 3 etc. For further information on the data quality and on structural type, Semi-detached house 4 "Data quality". Apartment or flat in a detached duplex 5 Row house 6 Other single attached house 7 Mobile and other movable 8 Note: '8' Mobile and other movable - includes mobile home and other Not available 9 M movable dwelling. 0 BUILTH Period of construction 64 - 64 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE 1920 or before 1 Occupied private dwellings. 1921-1945 2 COMMENTS 1946-1960 3 Refers to the period in time during which the building or dwelling was 1961-1970 4 originally constructed. 1971-1975 5 1976-1980 6 1981-1986 7 Note: '7' 1981-1986 - includes the first five months only of 1986. 0 TENURH Tenure 65 - 65 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE Owned (with or wthout mortgage) 1 Private households. Rented (for cash, other) 2 COMMENTS Refers to whether some member of the household owns or rents the dwelling. 0 MORG Presence of mortgage 66 - 66 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE Yes 1 Private households in owner-occupied non-farm dwellings. No 2 COMMENTS Not applicable 0 M This variable indicates whether or not the dwelling is mortgaged. Note: '0' not applicable - includes farm dwellings and tenant-occupied dwellings. 0 RCONDH Tenure - condominium 67 - 67 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE Condominium 1 Private households in owner-occupied non-farm dwellings. Not a condominium 2 COMMENTS Not applicable 0 M Refers to whether the dwelling is part of a registered condominium. Note: '0' not applicable - includes farm dwellings and tenant-occupied dwellings. 0 ROOM Number of rooms 68 - 69 F2.0 CONTENT COVERAGE 1 room 1 Private households. 2 rooms 2 COMMENTS 3 rooms 3 Refers to the number of rooms in a dwelling. A room is an enclosed area 4 rooms 4 within a dwelling which is finished and suitable for year-round living. 5 rooms 5 6 rooms 6 7 rooms 7 8 rooms 8 9 rooms 9 10 or more rooms 10 0 HEATH Main type of heating equipment 70 - 70 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE Steam or hot water furnace 1 Occupied private dwellings. Forced hot air furnace 2 COMMENTS Installed electric heating system 3 Refers to the main type of heating equipment used to heat the dwelling. Other electric heating system 4 (plug-in) Heating store, cooking store, space 5 heater Other, e.g. fireplace 6 0 FUELHH Principal heating fuel 71 - 71 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE Oil or kerosene 1 Occupied private dwellings. Piped or bottled gas 2 COMMENTS Electricity 3 Refers to the fuel used most for heating the dwelling. Other fuel 4 Notes: '2' piped or bottled gas - includes natural gas (piped) or propane (bottled). '3' electricity - includes "Electricity only" and "Electricity as the main source where more than one fuel or energy is used". '4' other fuel - includes wood, coal or coke, other fuels/energy. 0 VALUEH Value of dwelling 72 - 77 F6.0 CONTENT COVERAGE Less than $20,000 19999 Owner-occupied non-farm dwellings. $200,000 or more 200000 COMMENTS Not applicable 999999 M Refers to the amount expected by the owner if the dwelling were to be sold. Note: '999999' not applicable - includes farm dwellings and tenant- occupied dwellings. 0 GROSRTH Monthly gross rent 78 - 81 F4.0 CONTENT COVERAGE Less than $100 99 Private households in tenant-occupied non-farm dwellings. $1000 or more 1000 COMMENTS Not applicable 9999 M Refers to the total average monthly payments paid by tenant households to secure shelter. Notes: '99' less than $100 - includes no gross rent paid, and payments of $99 or less. '9999' not applicable - includes farm dwellings and owner-occupied dwellings. 0 RENTH Monthly cash rent 82 - 84 F3.0 CONTENT COVERAGE No cash rent paid 0 Private households in tenant-occupied non-farm dwellings. $800 or more 800 COMMENTS Not applicable 999 M Refers to the regular monthly cash rent paid by tenant households. Note: '999' not applicable - includes farm dwellings and owner- occupied dwellings. 0 OMPH Owners major payments (monthly) 85 - 88 F4.0 CONTENT COVERAGE Less than $100 99 Private households in owner-occupied non-farm dwellings. $1100 or more 1100 COMMENTS Not applicable 9999 M Refers to the total average monthly payments made by owner households to secure shelter. Owner's major payments include payments for electricity, oil, gas, coal, wood or other fuels, water and other municipal services, monthly mortgage payments, and property taxes (municipal and school). Notes: '99' less than $100 - includes no amount paid, and payments of $99 or less. '9999' not applicable - includes farm dwellings and tenant-occupied dwellings. 0 MPPIT Monthly payments for principal, interest 89 - 92 F4.0 and property taxes CONTENT COVERAGE Less than $100 99 Private households in owner-occupied non-farm dwellings. $1000 or more 1000 COMMENTS Not applicable 9999 M Refers to the total monthly payment for principal and interest on a mortgage and property taxes. Notes: '99' less than $100 - includes no amount paid, and payments of $99 or less. '9999' not applicable - includes farm dwellings and tenant-occupied dwellings. 0 HMAGE Age of household maintainer 93 - 94 F2.0 CONTENT COVERAGE Age 15-19 15 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. 85 years of age or over 85 COMMENTS Refers to age of household maintainer at last birthday (as of census reference date, June 3, 1986). This variable is derived from date of birth. 0 HMSEX Sex of household maintainer 95 - 95 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE Male 1 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. Female 2 COMMENTS Refers to the gender of the household maintainer. 0 HMMARST Marital status of household maintainer 96 - 96 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE Never married 1 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. Married-spouse present 2 COMMENTS Married-spouse absent (excludes 3 Refers to the conjugal status of the household maintainer. Persons separated) living common-law are considered as now married. Separated 4 Divorced 5 Widowed 6 0 HMEFAMST Household maintainer's economic 97 - 97 F1.0 family status CONTENT COVERAGE Husband or male common-law partner 1 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. Wife or female common-law partner 2 COMMENTS Male lone parent 3 Refers to the classification of the household maintainer in terms of Female lone parent 4 whether or not this person is a member of an economic family. Economic Child 5 family persons are members of the same household who are related to each Other related person 6 other by blood, marriage, adoption or common-law. Unattached individual 7 Unattached individuals refers to household members who are not members of an economic family. A person living alone is always an unattached individual. 0 HMBIRTPL Place of birth of household maintainer 98 - 98 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE Born in Canada Population 15 years of age and over in private households. -In province of current residence 1 COMMENTS -Outside province of current residence 2 For the household maintainer born in Canada, the place of birth refers Born outside Canada 3 to whether or not the person was born in the province where he/she actually resides. 0 HMETHNIC Ethnic origin of household maintainer 99 - 99 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE Total British origins 1 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. Total French origins 2 COMMENTS Other single origins 3 Refers to the ethnic or cultural group(s) to which the household British and French multiple origins 4 maintainer's ancestors belong. British, French and other multiple 5 origins Other multiple origins 6 The 1986 census questionnaire allowed respondents to write in up to three ethnic origins not included in the mark boxes. In 1981, only one write-in was provided. As a result, the number of multiple response possibilities has increased from 1981 to 1986. Notes: '1' total British origins - includes all British origins (single English, Irish, Scottish, Welsh, British, n.i.e., Other British and the British Only multiple) '2' total French origins - includes all French origins (single French, Acadian, French Canadian, Quebecois and the French Only multiple) '3' Other single origins - includes all remaining single origins '4' British and French multiple origins - includes British and French origins without any other origins '5' British, French and Other multiple origins - includes British and Other, French and Other, and British, French and Other multiple origins '6' Other multiple origins - all remaining multiple responses 0 HMIMMIG Period of immigration of household 100 - 100 F1.0 maintainer CONTENT COVERAGE Non-immigrant 1 M Population 15 years of age and over, in private households, who are Before 1946 2 not Canadian citizens by birth. 1946-1966 3 COMMENTS 1967-1977 4 Refers to the period of first immigration to Canada reported by the 1978-1986 5 household maintainer who is not a Canadian citizen by birth. Note: '1' non-immigrant - includes Canadian citizens by birth. 0 HHMOTG Mother tongue of household maintainer 101 - 101 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE 0 Single responses Population 15 years of age and over in private households. 0 English 1 COMMENTS French 2 Refers to the first language learned in childhood and still understood Other single responses 3 by the household maintainer at the time of the census. 0 Multiple responses 0 English and French 4 For the first time in the 1986 census, Canadians could report more than English and other 5 one mother tongue. For more information, refer to "Language: parts 1 and Other multiple responses 6 2" (cat. nos. 93-102 and 93-103). Notes: '3' other - includes all remaining single responses. '5' English and other - includes English and any non-official language. '6' other - includes all responses in which there is more than one mother tongue reported and not included in '4' and '5' above. 0 HMOFFLG Official language of household 102 - 102 F1.0 maintainer CONTENT COVERAGE English only 1 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. French only 2 COMMENTS Both English and French 3 Refers to the ability of the household maintainer to conduct a Neither English nor French 4 conversation in English and French, the official languages of Canada. For more information see "Language: part 2" (cat. no. 93-103). 0 HMMOB5 Mobility status of household maintainer 103 - 103 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE Same dwelling 1 Population 15 years of age and over, in private households, Different dwelling, same CSD 2 residing in Canada. Different CSD, same CD 3 COMMENTS Different CD, same province 4 Refers to the relationship between the usual place of residence of the Different province 5 household maintainer on Census Day and her/his usual place of residence Outside Canada 6 five years earlier (June 1, 1981). On the basis of this relationship, persons are classified as non-movers and movers (mobility status). Within the category movers, a further distinction is made between non-migrants and migrants (migration status). Non-movers are persons who, on Census Day, were living in the same dwelling they occupied five years earlier. Movers are persons who, on Census Day, were living in a different dwelling than the one occupied five years earlier. Non-migrants are movers who, on Census Day, were living within the same census subdivision (CSD) they resided in five years earlier. Migrants are movers who, on Census Day, were residing in a different CSD within Canada five years earlier (internal migrants) or who were living outside Canada five years earlier (external migrants). 0 HMHLOS Highest level of schooling of household 104 - 104 F1.0 maintainer CONTENT COVERAGE Less than Grade 9 1 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. Grades 9-13 COMMENTS -without secondary school certificate 2 Refers to the highest grade or year of elementary or secondary school or diploma attended, or the highest year of university or other non-university -with secondary school certificate or 3 completed by the household maintainer. University education is diploma considered to be above other non-university. Also, the attainment of a Other non-university education only degree, certificate or diploma is considered to be at a higher level -without certificate or diploma 4 than years completed or attended without an educational qualification. -with certificate or diploma 5 University Note: '5' other non-university education only, with certificate or -without degree 6 diploma - includes with trades certificate -with degree (bachelor's or higher) 7 0 HMOCC81 Occupation (based on the 1980 class- 105 - 106 F2.0 ification) of household maintainer CONTENT COVERAGE Not worked 0 M Population 15 years of age and over in private households who Managerial, administrative and 1 worked since January 1, 1985. related occupations COMMENTS Occupations in natural sciences, 2 Refers to the kind of work the household maintainer was doing, as engineering and mathematics determined by the reporting of her/his kind of work and description of Occupations in social sciences and 3 the most important duties. Data relate to the job at which the related fields respondent worked the most hours (if she/he had more than one job). If Teaching and related occupations 4 the respondent did not have a job during the week prior to enumeration, Occupations in medicine and health 5 the data relate to the job of longest duration since January 1, 1985. Artistic, literary, recreational 6 Notes: and related occupations '00' includes did not work since January 1, 1985 Clerical and related occupations 7 '01' includes major group 11 Sales occupations 8 '02' includes major group 21 Service occupations 9 '03' includes major group 23 Farming, horticultural and animal 10 '04' includes major group 27 husbandry occupations '05' includes major group 31 Other primary occupations 11 '06' includes major group 33 Processing occupations 12 '07' includes major group 41 Machining and product fabricating, 13 '08' includes major group 51 assembling and repairing occupations '09' includes major group 61 Construction trades occupations 14 '10' includes major group 71 Transport equipment operating 15 '11' includes major groups 73, 75, 77 occupations '12' includes major group 81/82 Other occupations 16 '13' includes major groups 83, 85 '14' includes major group 87 '15' includes major group 91 '16' includes major groups 25, 93, 95, 99 0 HMLFACT Labour force activity of household 107 - 107 F1.0 maintainer CONTENT COVERAGE Employed 1 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. Unemployed 2 COMMENTS Not in labour force 3 M Refers to the labour market activity of the household maintainer, who, in the week prior to enumeration (June 3, 1986), was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force. Employed The employed include those persons who, during the week prior to enumeration: (a) did any work at all excluding housework or other maintenance or repairs around the home and volunteer work; or (b) were absent from their jobs or businesses because of own temporary illness or disability, vacation, labour dispute at their place of work, or were absent for other reasons. Unemployed The unemployed include those persons who, during the week prior to enumeration: (a) were without work, had actively looked for work in the past four weeks and were available for work; or (b) had been on lay-off and expected to return to their job; or (c) had definite arrangements to start a new job in four weeks or less. Not in Labour Force The Not in Labour Force classification refers to those persons who, in the week prior to enumeration, were unwilling or unable to offer or supply their labour services under conditions existing in their labour markets. It includes persons who looked for work during the last four weeks but who were not available to start work in the reference week, as well as persons who did not work, did not have a new job to start in four weeks or less, were not on temporary lay-off or did not look for work in the four weeks prior to enumeration. SPECIAL NOTE: The census labour force activity concepts have not changed between 1981 and 1986. However, the processing of the data was modified causing some differences. In the 1986 census, contrary to previous censuses, a question on school attendance was not asked. This question was used to edit the labour force activity variable, specifically unemployment. Consequently, the processing differences affect the unemployment population and are mostly concentrated among the 15-19-year age group. 0 HMCOW Class of worker of household maintainer 108 - 108 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE Paid 1 Population 15 years of age and over in private households who Self-employed 2 worked since January 1, 1985. Unpaid family worker 3 COMMENTS Did not work since 1985 4 M Refers to the classification of employment of the household maintainer according to whether he/she worked mainly for someone else for wages, salaries, commission or payment in kind, or worked without pay for a relative who is a member of the same household in a "family farm or business", or worked mainly for himself or herself with or without paid help, in the job reported. The incorporation status refers to the legal status of a business or farm. It is directed at persons who were mainly self-employed, either with or without paid help in the job reported. The job reported was the job in the week prior to enumeration if employed, or the job of longest duration since January 1, 1985 if not employed during the reference week. Persons with two or more jobs in the reference week were to give the information for the job at which they worked the most hours. This is a derived variable. Paid Workers (Wage and Salary Earners) Persons 15 years of age and over who worked since January 1, 1985 and indicated that, in the job reported, they were mainly working for wages, salaries, tips, or commissions. "Paid workers" includes self-employed persons in incorporated companies in this derived variable. Self-employed Without Paid Help (Own Account), Unincorporated Self-employed With Paid Help (Employers), Unincorporated Persons 15 years of age and over who worked since January 1, 1985 and for whom the job reported consisted mainly of self-employment. An "unincorporated business or farm" has no separate legal entity, but may be a partnership, family business or owner-operated business. Unpaid Family Workers (Worked Without Pay for a Relative in a Family Business or Farm) Persons 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 1985 and for whom the job reported consisted mainly of work without regular money wages for a relative who was a member of the same household, at tasks which contributed to the operation of the business or farm owned or operated by the relative. Note: '4' did not work since 1985 - includes persons who have not worked since January 1, 1985 0 HMWKSWK Weeks worked in 1985 by household 109 - 110 F1.0 maintainer CONTENT COVERAGE None 0 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. 1 week 1 COMMENTS 52 weeks 52 Refers to the number of weeks in 1985 during which the household maintainer worked even if for only a few hours. It includes weeks of vacation or sick leave with pay or paid absence on training courses. "Work" excludes housework or other maintenance or repairs around the person's home and volunteer work. Actual number of weeks is coded. 0 HMFPTWK Work activity in 1985 of household 111 - 111 F1.0 maintainer CONTENT COVERAGE Worked full time or mostly full time 1 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. Worked part time or mostly part time 2 COMMENTS Did not work in 1985 3 M Refers to the work activity of the household maintainer in 1985. Work activity is derived from the number of weeks which the household maintainer worked in 1985 and whether these weeks worked were full time or part time. Persons with a part-time job for part of the year and a full-time job for another part of the year were to report the information for the job at which they worked the most weeks. Remarks : No specific definition was given to respondents for full time because of the varying hours considered as full time in different occupations and industries. For this reason, full-time data should not be interpreted in terms of specific hours. Part-time work is that work which is less than the normally scheduled weekly hours of work performed by persons doing similar work. 0 HMMSINC Major source of income of household 112 - 112 F1.0 maintainer CONTENT COVERAGE No income 1 M Population 15 years of age and over in private households. Wages and salaries 2 COMMENTS Self-employment income 3 Refers to that income component which constitutes the largest proportion Government transfer payments 4 of the total income of the household maintainer. The amounts from Investment income 5 various sources of income were combined into five components as follows: Other income 6 wages and salaries, self-employment (non-farm and farm), government transfer payments, investment income and other income (retirement pensions and other money income.) The absolute values for these components were compared and the component with the largest absolute value was designated as the major source of income. 0 HMEMPINC Employment income of household 113 - 119 F7.0 maintainer COVERAGE Population 15 years of age and over in private households. COMMENTS Refers to the total employment income received by the household maintainer during 1985 as wages and salaries, net income from non-farm self-employment and/or net farm income. This is a signed numeric field and shows the actual amount received in 1985 except for certain cases where the reported amount was beyond specified limits. For further information on income data, see "Data Quality". 0 HMNETINV Investment income of household 120 - 126 F7.0 maintainer COVERAGE Population 15 years of age and over in private households. COMMENTS Refers to interest received in calendar year 1985 by the household maintainer from deposits in banks, trust companies, co-operatives, credit unions, caisses populaires, etc., as well as interest on savings certificates, bonds and debentures and all dividends from both Canadian and foreign stocks. Also included is other investment income from either Canadian or foreign sources such as net rents from real estate, mortgage and loan interest received, regular income from an estate or trust fund, and interest from insurance policies. This is a signed numeric field and shows the actual amount received in 1985 except for certain cases where the reported amount was beyond specified limits. For further information on income data, see "Data Quality". 0 HMGOVINC Government transfer payments to 127 - 133 F7.0 household maintainer COVERAGE Population 15 years of age and over in private households. COMMENTS Refers to all amounts received by the household maintainer from federal, provincial and municipal governments during 1985. For a description of amounts included in this source, see Old Age Pensions, Benefits from Canada or Quebec Pension Plan, Family Allowances, Federal Child Tax Credits, Unemployment Insurance Benefits and Other Government Transfer Payments under Total Income of Household Maintainer. The 1986 Census included federal child tax credits as a source of income for the first time. Note: This variable is always positive, and shows the actual amount received in 1985. 0 HMOTINC Retirement pensions and other money 134 - 140 F7.0 income of household maintainer COVERAGE Population 15 years of age and over in private households. COMMENTS Refers to all regular income received during calendar year 1985 by the household maintainer as the result of having been a member of a pension plan of one or more employers. It includes payments received from all annuities, including payments from a matured registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) in the form of a life annuity, a fixed term annuity, a registered retirement income fund or an income-averaging annuity contract; pensions paid to widows or other relatives of deceased pensioners; pensions of retired civil servants, Armed Forces personnel and RCMP officers; annuity payments received from the Canadian Government Annuities Fund, an insurance company, etc. Does not include lump-sum death benefits, lump-sum benefits or withdrawals from a pension plan or RRSP or refunds of overcontributions. Also includes regular cash income received during calendar year 1985 and not included in any of the other sources, e.g., alimony, child support, periodic support from other persons not in the household, net income from roomers and boarders, income from abroad (except dividends and interest), non-refundable scholarships and bursaries, severance pay, royalties, strike pay. Note: This variable is always positive and shows the actual amount received in 1985 except for certain cases where the reported amount was beyond specified limits. For further information on income data, see "Data Quality". 0 HMTOTINC Total income of household maintainer 141 - 147 F7.0 CONTENT COVERAGE -$50,000 or less (males) -50000 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. -$30,000 or less (female) -30000 COMMENTS zero total income 0 Refers to the total income of the household maintainer which is the sum $100,000 or more (females) 100000 of amounts received during calendar year 1985 from the sources listed $140,000 or more (males) 140000 below. 1) Wages and Salaries These are gross wages and salaries before deductions for such items as income tax, pensions, unemployment insurance, etc. Included in this source are military pay and allowances, tips, commissions, cash bonuses as well as all types of casual earnings in calendar year 1985. All income "in kind" such as free board and lodging is excluded. (2) Net Non-farm Self-employment Income Refers to net income (gross receipts minus expenses of operation such as wages, rents, depreciation, etc.) received during calendar year 1985 from the respondent's non-farm unincorporated business or professional practice. In the case of a partnership, only the respondent's share was to be reported. Also included is net income from persons baby-sitting in their own homes, operators of direct distributorships such as selling and delivering cosmetics, as well as from free-lance activities of artists, writers, music teachers, hairdressers, dressmakers, etc. (3) Net Farm Self-employment Income Refers to net income (gross receipts from farm sales minus depreciation and cost of operation) received during calendar year 1985 from the operation of a farm, either on own account or in partnership. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share of income was to be reported. Also included are advance, supplementary or assistance payments to farmers by federal or provincial governments. However, the value of income "in kind", such as agricultural products produced and consumed on the farm is excluded. (4) Family Allowances Refers to total allowances paid in calendar year 1985 by the federal and provincial governments in respect of dependent children under 18 years of age. These allowances, though not collected directly from the respondents, were calculated and included in the income of one of the parents. (5) Federal Child Tax Credits Refers to federal child tax credits paid in calendar year 1985 by the federal government in respect of dependent children under 18 years of age. The 1986 census included federal child tax credits as a source of income for the first time. No information was collected from respondents on child tax credits. Instead, these were calculated in the course of processing and assigned, where applicable, to one of the parents in the census family on the basis of information on children in the family and the family income. (6) Old Age Security Pension and Guaranteed Income Supplement Refers to old age security pensions and guaranteed income supplements paid to persons 65 years of age and over, and spouses' allowances paid to 60 to 64 year-old spouses of old age security recipients by the federal government only during calendar year 1985. Also included are extended spouses' allowances paid to 60 to 64 year-old widows/widowers whose spouse was an old age security pension recipient. (7) Benefits from Canada or Quebec Pension Plan Refers to benefits received in calendar year 1985 under the Canada or Quebec Pension Plan, e.g., retirement pensions, survivors' benefits, disability pensions. Does not include retirement pensions of civil servants, RCMP and military personnel or lump-sum death benefits. (8) Benefits from Unemployment Insurance Refers to total unemployment insurance benefits received in calendar year 1985, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for sickness, maternity, fishing, work sharing, retraining and retirement received under the Federal Unemployment Insurance program. (9) Other Income from Government Sources Refers to all transfer payments, excluding those covered as a separate income source (family allowances, federal child tax credits, old age security pensions and guaranteed income supplements, Canada/Quebec Pension Plan benefits and unemployment insurance benefits) received from federal, provincial or municipal programs in calendar year 1985. This source includes transfer payments received by persons in need such as mothers with dependent children, persons temporarily or permanently unable to work, elderly individuals, the blind and the disabled. Included are provincial income supplement payments to seniors to supplement old age security and guaranteed income supplement and provincial payments to seniors to help offset accommodation costs. Also included are other transfer payments such as for training under the National Training Program (NTP), veterans' pensions, war veterans' allowance, pensions to widows and dependants of veterans, workers' compensation, etc. Additionally, provincial tax credits and allowances claimed on the income tax return are included. (10) Dividends and Interest on Bonds, Deposits and Savings Certificates, and Other Investment Income Refers to interest received in calendar year 1985 from deposits in banks, trust companies, co-operatives, credit unions, caisses populaires, etc., as well as interest on savings certificates, bonds and debentures and all dividends from both Canadian and foreign stocks. Also included is other investment income from either Canadian or foreign sources such as net rents from real estate, mortgage and loan interest received, regular income from an estate or trust fund, and interest from insurance policies. (11) Retirement Pensions, Superannuation and Annuities Refers to all regular income received during calendar year 1985 as the result of having been a member of a pension plan of one or more employers. It includes payments received from all annuities, including payments from a mature registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) in the form of a life annuity, a fixed term annuity, a registered retirement income fund or an income-averaging annuity contract; pensions paid to widows or other relatives or deceased pensioners; pensions of retired civil servants, Armed Forces personnel and RCMP officers; annuity payments received from the Canadian Government Annuities Fund, an insurance company, etc. Does not include lump-sum death benefits, lump- sum benefits or withdrawals from a pension plan or RRSP or refunds of overcontributions. (12) Other Money Income Refers to regular income received during calendar year 1985 and not reported in any of the other nine sources listed on the questionnaire, e.g., alimony, child support, periodic support from other persons not in the household, net income from roomers and boarders, income from abroad (except dividends and interest), non-refundable scholarships and bursaries, severance pay, royalties, strike pay. Receipts Not Counted as Income Gambling gains and losses, money inherited during the year in a lump sum, capital gains or losses, receipts from the sale of property or personal belongings, income tax refunds, loan payments received, loans repaid to an individual as the lender, lump sum settlements of insurance policies, rebates of property taxes and other taxes, and refunds of pension contributions were excluded as well as all income in kind such as free meals, living accommodation, or food and fuel produced on own farm. Remarks No income information was collected from institutional residents in the 1986 census. Individuals immigrating to Canada in 1986 have zero income. Also, because of response problems, all individuals in Hutterite colonies were assigned zero income. This a signed numeric field and shows the actual amount received in 1985 except for certain cases where the reported amount was beyond specified limits. For further information on income data, see "Data Quality". 0 SPAGE Age of maintainer's spouse 148 - 149 F2.0 CONTENT COVERAGE Age 15-19 15 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. 75 years of age and over 75 COMMENTS Not applicable 00 M Refers to age of maintainer's spouse at last birthday (as of census reference date, June 3, 1986). This variable is derived from date of birth. Note: '00' not applicable - includes private households with no maintainer's spouse. 0 SPSEX Sex of maintainer's spouse 150 - 150 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE Male 1 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. Female 2 COMMENTS Not applicable 0 M Refers to the gender of the maintainer's spouse. Note: '0' not applicable - includes private households with no maintainer's spouse. 0 SPBIRTPL Place of birth of maintainer's spouse 151 - 151 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE Born in Canada Population 15 years of age and over in private households. -in province of current residence 1 COMMENTS -outside province of current residence 2 For the maintainer's spouse born in Canada, the place of birth refers to Born outside Canada 3 whether or not the person was born in the province where he/she actually Not applicable 0 M resides. For persons born outside Canada, it refers to the specific country of birth according to boundaries at the census date. Note: '0' not applicable - includes private households with no maintainer's spouse. 0 SPETHNIC Ethnic origin of maintainer's spouse 152 - 152 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE Total British origins 1 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. Total French origins 2 COMMENTS Other single origins 3 Refers to the ethnic or cultural group(s) to which the ancestors of the British and French multiple origins 4 maintainer's spouse belong. British and French and other 5 multiple origins The 1986 census questionnaire allowed respondents to write in up to Other multiple origins 6 three ethnic origins not included in the mark boxes. In 1981, only one Not applicable 0 M write-in was provided. As a result, the number of multiple response possibilities has increased from 1981 to 1986. Notes: '1' total British origins - includes all British origins (single English, Irish, Scottish, Welsh, British, n.i.e., Other British and the British Only multiple) '2' total French origins - includes all French origins (single French, Acadian, French Canadian, Quebecois and the French Only multiple) '3' Other single origins - includes all remaining single origins '4' British and French multiple origins - includes multiple British and French origins without any other origins '5' British, French and Other multiple origins - includes British and and Other, French and Other, and British, French and Other multiple origins '6' Other multiple origins - all remaining multiple responses '0' not applicable - inlcudes private households with no maintainer's spouse. 0 SPMOTG Mother tongue of maintainer's spouse 153 - 153 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE Single responses Population 15 years of age and over in private households. English 1 COMMENTS French 2 Refers to the first language learned in childhood and still understood Other 3 by the maintainer's spouse at the time of the census. Multiple responses English and French 4 For the first time in the 1986 census, Canadians could report more than English and other 5 one mother tongue. For more information, refer to "Lanuage : parts 1 & 2" Other 6 (cat. nos. 93-102 and 93-103). Not applicable 0 M Notes: '3' other single responses - includes all remaining single responses '5' English and other - includes English and any non-official language '6' other multiple responses - all responses in which there is more than one mother tongue reported and not included in 4 and 5 above '0' not applicable - includes private households with no maintainer's spouse. 0 SPOFFLG Official language of maintainer's spouse 154 - 154 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE English only 1 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. French only 2 COMMENTS Both English and French 3 Refers to the ability of the maintainer's spouse to conduct a Neither English nor French 4 conversation in English and French, the official languages of Canada. Not applicable 0 M For more information, refer to "Language: part 2" (cat.no. 93-103) Note: '0' not applicable - includes private households with no maintainer's spouse. 0 SPIMMIG Period of immigration of maintainer's 155 - 155 F1.0 spouse CONTENT COVERAGE Non-immigrant 1 Population 15 years of age and over in private households, who are Before 1946 2 not Canadian citizens by birth. 1946-1966 3 COMMENTS 1967-1977 4 Refers to the period of first immigration to Canada reported by the 1978-1986 5 maintainer's spouse who is not a Canadian citizen by birth. Not applicable 0 M Note: '1' non-immigrant - includes Canadian citizens by birth '0' not applicable - includes private households with no maintainer's spouse. 0 SPMOB5 Mobility status of maintainer's spouse 156 - 156 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE Same dwelling 1 Population 15 years of age and over, in private households, Different dwelling, same CSD 2 residing in Canada. Different CSD, same CD 3 COMMENTS Different CD, same province 4 Refers to the relationship between the usual place of residence of the Different province 5 maintainer's spouse on Census Day and his/her usual place of residence Outside Canada 6 five years earlier (June 1, 1981). Not applicable 0 M On the basis of this relationship, persons are classified as non-movers and movers (mobility status). Within the category movers, a further distinction is made between non-migrants and migrants (migration status). Non-movers are persons who, on Census Day, were living in the same dwelling they occupied five years earlier. Movers are persons who, on Census Day, were living in a different dwelling than the one occupied five years earlier. Non-migrants are movers who, on Census Day, were living within the same census subdivision (CSD) they resided in five years earlier. Migrants are movers who, on Census Day, were residing in a different CSD within Canada five years earlier (internal migrants) or who were living outside Canada five years earlier (external migrants). Note: '0' not applicable - includes private households with no maintainer's spouse. 0 SPHLOS Highest level of schooling of 157 - 157 F1.0 maintainer's spouse CONTENT COVERAGE Less than Grade 9 1 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. Grades 9-13 COMMENTS -without secondary school certificate 2 Refers to the highest grade or year of elementary or secondary school or diploma attended, or the highest year of university or other non-university -with secondary school certificate or 3 completed by the maintainer's spouse. University education is considered diploma to be above other non-university. Also, the attainment of a degree, Other non-university education only certificate or diploma is considered to be at a higher level than years -without certificate or diploma 4 completed or attended without an educational qualification. -with certificate or diploma 5 University Note: -without degree 6 '5' other non-university education only with certificate or diploma - -with degree (bachelor's or higher) 7 includes with trades certificate Not applicable 0 M '0' not applicable - includes private households with no maintainer's spouse 0 SPOCC81 Occupation (based on the 1980 class- 158 - 159 F2.0 ification) of maintainer's spouse CONTENT COVERAGE Not worked 0 M Population 15 years of age and over in private households who Managerial, administrative and 1 worked since January 1, 1985. related occupations COMMENTS Occupations in natural sciences, 2 Refers to the kind of work the maintainer's spouse was doing, as engineering and mathematics determined by the reporting of her/his kind of work and description of Occupations in social sciences and 3 the most important duties. Data relate to the job at which the related fields respondent worked the most hours (if she/he had more than one job). If Teaching and related occupations 4 the respondent did not have a job during the week prior to enumeration, Occupations in medicine and health 5 the data relate to the job of longest duration since January 1, 1985. Artistic, literary, recreational 6 Notes: and related occupations '00' includes did not work since January 1, 1985 Clerical and related occupations 7 '01' includes major group 11 Sales occupations 8 '02' includes major group 21 Service occupations 9 '03' includes major group 23 Farming, horticultural and animal 10 '04' includes major group 27 husbandry occupations '05' includes major group 31 Other primary occupations 11 '06' includes major group 33 Processing occupations 12 '07' includes major group 41 Machining and product fabricating, 13 '08' includes major group 51 assembling and repairing occupations '09' includes major group 61 Construction trades occupations 14 '10' includes major group 71 Transport equipment operating 15 '11' includes major groups 73, 75, 77 occupations '12' includes major group 81/82 Other occupations 16 '13' includes major groups 83, 85 Not applicable 99 M '14' includes major group 87 '15' includes major group 91 '16' includes major groups 25, 93, 95, 99 '99' includes private households with no maintainer's spouse 0 SPLFACT Labour force activity of maintainer's 160 - 160 F1.0 spouse CONTENT COVERAGE Employed 1 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. Unemployed 2 COMMENTS Not in the labour force 3 Refers to the labour market activity of the maintainer's spouse, who, Not applicable 0 M in the week prior to enumeration (June 3, 1986), was employed, unemployed or not in the labour force. Employed The Employed include those persons who, during the week prior to enumeration: (a) did any work at all excluding housework or other maintenance or repairs around the home and volunteer work; or (b) were absent from their jobs or businesses because of own temporary illness or disability, vacation, labour dispute at their place of work, or were absent for other reasons. Unemployed The Unemployed include those persons who, during the week prior to enumeration: (a) were without work, had actively looked for work in the past four weeks and were available for work; or (b) had been on lay-off and expected to return to their job; or (c) had definite arrangements to start a new job in four weeks or less. Not in Labour Force The Not in Labour Force classification refers to those persons who, in the week prior to enumeration, were unwilling or unable to offer or supply their labour services under conditions existing in their labour markets. It includes persons who looked for work during the last four weeks but who were not available to start work in the reference week, as well as persons who did not work, did not have a new job to start in four weeks or less, were not on temporary lay-off or did not look for work in the four weeks prior to enumeration. SPECIAL NOTE: The census labour force activity concepts have not changed between 1981 and 1986. However, the processing of the data was modified causing some differences. In the 1986 census, contrary to previous censuses, a question on school attendance was not asked. This question was used to edit the labour force activity variable, specifically unemployment. Consequently, the processing differences affect the unemployment population and are mostly concentrated among the 15-19-year age group. Note: '0' not applicable - includes private households with no maintainer's spouse. 0 SPCOW Class of worker of maintainer's spouse 161 - 161 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE Paid 1 Population 15 years of age and over in private households who Self-employed 2 worked since January 1, 1985. Unpaid family worker 3 COMMENTS Did not work since 1985 4 M Refers to the classification of employment of the maintainer's spouse Not applicable 0 M according to whether she/he worked mainly for someone else for wages, salaries, commission or payment in kind, or worked without pay for a relative who is a member of the same household in a "family farm or business", or worked mainly for herself or himself with or without paid help, in the job reported. The incorporation status refers to the legal status of a business or farm. It is directed at persons who were mainly self-employed, either with or without paid help in the job reported. The job reported was the job in the week prior to enumeration if employed, or the job of longest duration since January 1, 1985 if not employed during the reference week. Persons with two or more jobs in the reference week were to give the information for the job at which they worked the most hours. This is a derived variable. Paid Workers (Wage and Salary Earners) Persons 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 1985 and indicated that, in the job reported, they were mainly working for wages, salaries, tips, or commissions. "Paid workers" includes self-employed persons in incorporated companies in this derived variable. Self-employed Without Paid Help (Own Account), Unincorporated Self-employed With Paid Help (Employers), Unincorporated Persons 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 1985 and for whom the job reported consisted mainly of self-employment. An "unincorporated business or farm" has no separate legal entity, but may be a partnership, family business or owner-operated business. Unpaid Family Workers (Worked Without Pay for a Relative in a Family Business or Farm) Persons 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 1985 and for whom the job reported consisted mainly of work without regular money wages for a relative who was a member of the same household, at tasks which contributed to the operation of the business or farm owned or operated by the relative. Notes; '4' did note work since 1985 - includes persons who have not worked since January 1, 1985. '0' not applicable - includes private households with no maintainer's spouse. 0 SPWKSWK Weeks worked in 1985 by maintainer's 162 - 163 F2.0 spouse CONTENT COVERAGE None 00 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. 52 weeks 52 COMMENTS Not applicable 99 M Refers to the number of weeks in 1985 during which the maintainer's spouse worked even if for only a few hours. It includes weeks of vacation or sick leave with pay or paid absence on training courses. "Work" excludes housework or other maintenance or repairs around the person's home or volunteer work. Actual number of weeks coded. Note: '99' not applicable - includes private households with no maintainer's spouse. 0 SPFPTWK Work activity in 1985 of maintainer's 164 - 164 F1.0 spouse CONTENT COVERAGE Worked full time or mostly full time 1 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. Worked part time or mostly part time 2 COMMENTS Did not work in 1985 3 Refers to the work activity of the maintainer's spouse in 1985. Work Not applicable 0 M activity is derived from the number of weeks which the maintainer's spouse worked in 1985 and whether these weeks worked were full time or part time. Persons with a part-time job for part of the year and a full-time job for another part of the year were to report the information for the job at which they worked the most weeks. Remarks: No specific definition was given to respondents for full time because of the varying hours considered as full time in different occupations and industries. For this reason, full-time data should not be interpreted in terms of specific hours. Part-time work is that work which is less than the normally scheduled weekly hours of work performed by persons doing similar work. Note: '0' not applicable - includes private households with no maintainer's spouse. 0 SPMSINC Major source of income of maintainer's 165 - 165 F1.0 spouse CONTENT COVERAGE No income 1 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. Wages and salaries 2 COMMENTS Self-employment income 3 Refers to that income component which constitutes the largest proportion Government transfer payments 4 of the total income of the maintainer's spouse. The amounts from various Investment income 5 sources of income were combined into five components as follows: wages Other income 6 and salaries, self-employment (non-farm and farm), government transfer Not applicable 0 M payments, investment income and other income (retirement pensions and other money income.) The absolute values for these components were compared and the component with the largest absolute value was designated as the major source of income. Note: '0' not applicable - includes private households with no maintainer's spouse. 0 SPEMPINC Employment income of maintainer's spouse 166 - 172 F7.0 CONTENT COVERAGE zero employment income/no maintainers 0 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. spouse COMMENTS Refers to the total employment income received by the maintainer's spouse during 1985 as wages and salaries, net income from non-farm self- employment and/or net farm income. This is a signed numeric field and shows the actual amount received in 1985 except for certain cases where the reported amount was beyond specified limits. For further information on income data, see "Data Quality". The value 0 represents zero employment income for maintainer's spouse or no maintainer's spouse. 0 SPNETINV Investment income of maintainer's spouse 173 - 179 F7.0 CONTENT COVERAGE zero investment income/no maintainer's 0 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. spouse COMMENTS Refers to interest received in calendar year 1985 by the maintainer's spouse from deposits in banks, trust companies, co-operatives, credit unions, caisses populaires, etc., as well as interest on savings certificates, bonds and debentures and all dividends from both Canadian and foreign stocks. Also included is other investment income from either Canadian or foreign sources such as net rents from real estate, mortgage and loan interest received, regular income from an estate or trust fund, and interest from insurance policies. This a signed numeric field and shows the actual amount received in 1985 except for certain cases where the reported amount was beyond specified limits. For further information on income data, see "Data Quality". The value 0 represents zero investment income for maintainer's spouse or no maintainer's spouse. 0 SPGOVINC Government transfer payments to 180 - 186 F7.0 maintainer's spouse COVERAGE CONTENT Population 15 years of age and over in private households. zero amount/no maintainer's spouse 0 COMMENTS Refers to all amounts received by the maintainer's spouse from federal, provincial and municipal governments during 1985. For a description of amounts included in this source, see Old Age Pensions, Benefits from Canada or Quebec Pension Plan, Family Allowances, Federal Child Tax Credits, Unemployment Insurance Benefits and Other Government Transfer Payments under Total Income of maintainer's spouse. The 1986 Census included federal child tax credits as a source of income for the first time. The value 0 for government transfer payments to spouse represents zero amount for maintainer's spouse or no maintainer's spouse. This variable is always positive and shows the actual amount received in 1985. 0 SPOTINC Retirement pensions and other money 187 - 193 F7.0 income of maintainer's spouse CONTENT COVERAGE zero amount/no maintainer's spouse 0 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. COMMENTS Refers to all regular income received during calendar year 1985 by the maintainer's spouse as the result of having been a member of a pension plan of one or more employers. It includes payments received from all annuities, including payments from a matured registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) in the form of a life annuity, a fixed term annuity, a registered retirement income fund or an income-averaging annuity contract; pensions paid to widows or other relatives of deceased pensioners; pensions of retired civil servants, Armed Forces personnel and RCMP officers; annuity payments received from the Canadian Government Annuities Fund, an insurance company, etc. Does not include lump-sum death benefits, lump-sum benefits or withdrawals from a pension plan or RRSP or refunds of overcontributions. Also includes regular cash income received during calendar year 1985 and not included in any of the other sources, e.g., alimony, child support, periodic support from other persons not in the household, net income from roomers and boarders, income from abroad (except dividends and interest), non-refundable scholarships and bursaries, severance pay, royalties, strike pay. The value 0 for retirement pensions and other money income represents zero amount for maintainer's spouse of no maintainer's spouse. This variable is always positive and shows the actual amount received in 1985 except for certain cases where the reported amount was beyond specified limits. For further information on income data, see "Data Quality". 0 SPTOTINC Total income of maintainer's spouse 194 - 200 F7.0 CONTENT COVERAGE -$50000 or less -50000 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. $140000 or more 140000 COMMENTS Refers to the total income of the household maintainer's spouse which is the sum of amounts received during calendar year 1985 from the sources listed below. 1) Wages and Salaries These are gross wages and salaries before deductions for such items as income tax, pensions, unemployment insurance, etc. Included in this source are military pay and allowances, tips, commissions, cash bonuses as well as all types of casual earnings in calendar year 1985. All income "in kind" such as free board and lodging is excluded. (2) Net Non-farm Self-employment Income Refers to net income (gross receipts minus expenses of operation such as wages, rents, depreciation, etc.) received during calendar year 1985 from the respondent's non-farm unincorporated business or professional practice. In the case of a partnership, only the respondent's share was to be reported. Also included is net income from persons baby-sitting in their own homes, operators of direct distributorships such as selling and delivering cosmetics, as well as from free-lance activities of artists, writers, music teachers, hairdressers, dressmakers, etc. (3) Net Farm Self-employment Income Refers to net income (gross receipts from farm sales minus depreciation and cost of operation) received during calendar year 1985 from the operation of a farm, either on own account or in partnership. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share of income was to be reported. Also included are advance, supplementary or assistance payments to farmers by federal or provincial governments. However, the value of income "in kind", such as agricultural products produced and consumed on the farm is excluded. (4) Family Allowances Refers to total allowances paid in calendar year 1985 by the federal and provincial governments in respect of dependent children under 18 years of age. These allowances, though not collected directly from the respondents, were calculated and included in the income of one of the parents. (5) Federal Child Tax Credits Refers to federal child tax credits paid in calendar year 1985 by the federal government in respect of dependent children under 18 years of age. The 1986 Census included federal child tax credits as a source of income for the first time. No information was collected from the respondents on child tax credits. Instead, these were calculated in the course of processing and assigned, where applicable, to one of the parents in the census family on the basis of information on children in the family and the family income. (6) Old Age Security Pension and Guaranteed Income Supplement Refers to old age security pensions and guaranteed income supplements paid to persons 65 years of age and over, and spouses' allowances paid to 60 to 64 year-old spouses of old age security recipients by the federal government only during calendar year 1985. Also included are extended spouses' allowances paid to 60 to 64 year-old widows/widowers whose spouse was an old age security pension recipient. (7) Benefits from Canada or Quebec Pension Plan Refers to benefits received in calendar year 1985 under the Canada or Quebec Pension Plan, e.g., retirement pensions, survivors' benefits, disability pensions. Does not include retirement pensions of civil servants, RCMP and military personnel or lump-sum death benefits. (8) Benefits from Unemployment Insurance Refers to total unemployment insurance benefits received in calendar year 1985, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for sickness, maternity, fishing, work sharing, retraining and retirement received under the Federal Unemployment Insurance program. (9) Other Income from Government Sources Refers to all transfer payments, excluding those covered as a separate income source (family allowances, federal child tax credits, old age security pensions and guaranteed income supplements, Canada/Quebec Pension Plan benefits and unemployment insurance benefits) received from federal, provincial or municipal programs in calendar year 1985. This source includes transfer payments received by persons in need such as mothers with dependent children, persons temporarily or permanently unable to work, elderly individuals, the blind and the disabled. Included are provincial income supplement payments to seniors to supplement old age security and guaranteed income supplement and provincial payments to seniors to help offset accommodation costs. Also included are other transfer payments such as for training under the National Training Program (NTP), veterans' pensions, war veterans' allowance, pensions to widows and dependants of veterans, workers' compensation, etc. Additionally, provincial tax credits and allowances claimed on the income tax return are included. (10) Dividends and Interest on Bonds, Deposits and Savings Certificates, and Other Investment Income Refers to interest received in calendar year 1985 from deposits in banks, trust companies, co-operatives, credit unions, caisses populaires, etc., as well as interest on savings certificates, bonds and debentures and all dividends from both Canadian and foreign stocks. Also included is other investment income from either Canadian or foreign sources such as net rents from real estate, mortgage and loan interest received, regular income from an estate or trust fund, and interest from insurance policies. (11) Retirement Pensions, Superannuation and Annuities Refers to all regular income received during calendar year 1985 as the result of having been a member of a pension plan of one or more employers. It includes payments received from all annuities, including payments from a mature registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) in the form of a life annuity, a fixed term annuity, a registered retirement income fund or an income-averaging annuity contract; pensions paid to widows or other relatives or deceased pensioners; pensions of retired civil servants, Armed Forces personnel and RCMP officers; annuity payments received from the Canadian Government Annuities Fund, an insurance company, etc. Does not include lump-sum death benefits, lump- sum benefits or withdrawals from a pension plan or RRSP or refunds of overcontributions. (12) Other Money Income Refers to regular income received during calendar year 1985 and not reported in any of the other nine sources listed on the questionnaire, e.g., alimony, child support, periodic support from other persons not in the household, net income from roomers and boarders, income from abroad (except dividends and interest), non-refundable scholarships and bursaries, severance pay, royalties, strike pay. Receipts Not Counted as Income Gambling gains and losses, money inherited during the year in a lump sum, capital gains or losses, receipts from the sale of property or personal belongings, income tax refunds, loan payments received, loans repaid to an individual as the lender, lump sum settlements of insurance policies, rebates of property taxes and other taxes, and refunds of pensions contributions were excluded as well as all income in kind such as free meals, living accommodation, or food and fuel produced on own farm. Remarks No income information was collected from institutional residents in the 1986 Census. Individuals immigrating to Canada in 1986 have zero income. Also, because of response problems, all individuals in Hutterite colonies were assigned zero income. This is a signed numeric field and shows the actual amount received in 1985 except in certain cases where the reported amount was beyond specified limits. For further information on income data, see "Data Quality". The value 0 represents zero total income for maintainer's spouse or no maintainer's spouse. 0 EFSIZE Number of persons in economic family 201 - 201 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE Not applicable 1 M Population in private households. Two 2 COMMENTS Three 3 Refers to the number of persons in the maintainer's economic family. An Four 4 economic family is defined as a group of individuals sharing a common Five 5 dwelling unit and related by blood, marriage, adoption or common-law. Six 6 Seven 7 Note: '1' not applicable - includes unattached individuals. Eight or more persons 8 0 EFADULT Number of adults 202 - 202 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE One 1 Population in private households. Two 2 COMMENTS Three 3 Refers to the number of adults in the maintainer's economic family. It Four 4 includes persons 16 years of age and over, maintainer, spouse and Five 5 ever-married persons of any age. Six or more adults 6 Not available 9 M Note: '0' not applicable - includes unattached individuals. Not applicable 0 M 0 EFPERSGH Number of persons 65 years of age and 203 - 203 F1.0 over CONTENT COVERAGE None 0 Population in private households. One 1 COMMENTS Two or more persons 2 Refers to the number of persons 65 years of age and over in the Not available 9 M maintainer's economic family. Note: '0' none - includes no maintainer's economic family. 0 EFPERSA Number of persons under 6 years of age 204 - 204 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE None 0 Population in private households. One 1 COMMENTS Two 2 Refers to the number of persons of any relationship to the household Three or more persons 3 maintainer who are under 6 years of age in the family. Not available 9 M Note: '0' none - includes no maintainer's economic family. 0 EFPERSB Number of persons 6 to 15 years of age 205 - 205 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE None 0 Population in private households. One 1 COMMENTS Two 2 Refers to the number of persons of any relationship to the household Three 3 maintainer who are 6 to 15 years of age. Excluded are household Four or more persons 4 maintainers and ever-married children. Not available 9 M Note: '0' none - includes no maintainer's economic family. 0 EFPERSC Number of persons 16 to 17 years of age 206 - 206 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE None 0 Population in private households. One 1 COMMENTS Two or more persons 2 Refers to the number of presons 16 to 17 years of age in the Not available 9 M maintainer's economic family. Excluded are the household maintainer and his/her spouse. Note: '0' none - includes no maintainer's economic family. 0 EFPERSD Number of persons 18 to 24 years of age 207 - 207 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE None 0 Population in private households. One 1 COMMENTS Two 2 Refers to the number of persons 18 to 24 years of age in the Three or more persons 3 maintainer's economic family. Excluded are the household maintainer and Not available 9 M his/her spouse. Note: '0' none - includes no maintainer's economic family. 0 EFCOMP Economic family composition 208 - 208 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE Maintainer is an unattached individual 1 Population in private households. Husband-wife family 2 COMMENTS Husband-wife family with single 3 Refers to the composition of the maintainer's economic family on the child(ren) basis of the presence of children. An economic family is defined as a Male lone parent with single 4 group of individuals sharing a common dwelling unit and related by child(ren) blood, marriage, adoption or common-law. Persons living common-law are Female lone parent with single 5 considered as now married regardless of their legal marital status. child(ren) Unattached individuals refers to household members who are not members Husband-wife family with married 6 of an economic family. A person living alone is always an unattached children and their immediate individual. families, if any (with or without other relatives) Husband-wife family with single and 7 married children and their immediate families, if any (with or without other relatives) Husband-wife family with relatives 8 other than own children All other families 9 0 EFNUEMPI Number of employment income recipients 209 - 209 F1.0 in maintainer's economic family CONTENT COVERAGE No recipients 0 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. One recipient 1 COMMENTS Two recipients 2 Refers to the number of persons 15 years of age and over with employment Three recipients 3 income (earners) in the maintainer's economic family unit. Employment Four recipients 4 income is the total income received by persons 15 years of age and over Five or more recipients 5 during 1985 as wages and salaries, net income from non-farm self- Not applicable 6 M employment and/or net farm income. Note: '6' not applicable - includes not economic family 0 EFNUTOTI Number of income recipients in 210 - 210 F1.0 maintainer's economic family CONTENT COVERAGE No recipients 0 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. One recipients 1 COMMENTS Two recipients 2 Refers to the number of individuals 15 years of age and over in the Three recipients 3 maintainer's economic family unit, who received income from any of the Four recipients 4 following sources: wages and salaries, net non-farm self-employment, net Five or more recipients 5 farm self-employment, family allowances, federal child tax credits, old Not applicable 6 M age security pension and guaranteed income supplement, benefits from Canada or Quebec Pension Plan, unemployment insurance, other income from government sources, dividends and interest on investment income, retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities or other money income. Note: '6' not applicable - includes no economic families. 0 EFLOINC Income status of maintainer's economic 211 - 211 F1.0 family and incidence of low income CONTENT COVERAGE The total income of the economic 1 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. family unit in 1985 was not below COMMENTS the low income cut-off point Income status refers to the position of the maintainer's economic family The total income of the economic 2 in relation to Statistics Canada's Low Income Cut-offs. These cut-offs family unit in 1985 was below are determined separately for families of different sizes and living in the low income cut-off areas of different degrees of urbanization. Not applicable 0 M The incidence of low income is the proportion or percentage of units in a given classification below the income cut-offs. The low income statistics from the 1981 and 1986 census are based on the revised (1978) cut-offs which were initially estimated from the 1978 National Family Expenditure Survey and then updated to 1980 and 1985 by the changes in the Consumer Price Index since 1978. Note: '0' not applicable - includes no economic family, economic families in Yukon and Northwest Territories. 0 EFMSINC Major source of family income 212 - 212 F1.0 CONTENT COVERAGE No income 1 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. Wages and salaries 2 COMMENTS Self-employment income 3 Refers to that income component which constitutes the largest proportion Government transfer payments 4 of the total income of the maintainer's economic family. The amounts Investment income 5 from various sources of income were combined into five components as Other income 6 follow: wages and salaries, self-employment (non-farm and farm), Not applicable 0 M government transfer payments, investment income and other income (retirement pensions and other money income). The absolute values for these components were compared and the component with the largest absolute value was designated as the major source of income. Note: '0' not applicable - includes no economic family. 0 EFEMPINC Total family employment income 213 - 219 F7.0 CONTENT COVERAGE zero income or no economic family 0 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. COMMENTS Refers to the total income received by persons 15 years of age and over in the maintainer's economic family during calendar year 1985 as wages and salaries, net income from non-farm self-employment and/or net farm income. This is a signed numeric field and shows the actual amount received in 1985 except for certain cases where the reported amount was beyond specified limits. For further information on income data, see "Data Quality". The value 0 represents either zero income for the family or no economic family. 0 EFNETINV Family investment income 220 - 226 F7.0 CONTENT COVERAGE zero income or no economic family 0 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. COMMENTS Refers to the actual amount of investment income of the maintainer's economic family unit. This source includes interest received by persons, 15 years of age and over, in the maintainer's economic family in calendar year 1985 from deposits in banks, trust companies, co- operatives, credit unions, caisses populaires, etc., as well as interest on savings certificates, bonds and debentures and all dividends from both Canadian and foreign stocks. Also included is other investment income from either Canadian or foreign sources such as net rents from real estate, mortgage and loan interest received, regular income from an estate or trust fund, and interest from insurance policies. This is a signed numeric field and shows the actual amount received in 1985 except for certain cases where the reported amount was beyond specified limits. For further information on income data, see "Data Quality". The value 0 represents either zero investment income for the family or no economic family. 0 EFGOVINC Total family government transfer 227 - 233 F7.0 payments CONTENT COVERAGE zero government transfer payments or 0 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. no economic family COMMENTS Refers to all amounts received by persons 15 years of age and over in the maintainer's economic family from federal, provincial and municipal governments during calendar year 1985. For a description of amounts included in this source, see Old Age Pensions, Family Allowances, Benefits from Canada or Quebec Pension Plan, Federal Child Tax Credits, Unemployment Insurance Benefits and Other Government Transfer Payments under Total Household Income. The 1986 Census included federal child tax credits as a source of income for the first time. This variable is always positive and shows the actual amount received in 1985. 0 EFOTINC All other family income 234 - 240 F7.0 CONTENT COVERAGE zero other income or no economic 0 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. family COMMENTS Refers to all regular income received during calendar year 1985 by all persons 15 years of age and over in the maintainer's economic family unit as the result of having been a member of a pension plan of one or more employees. It includes payments received from all annuities, including payments from a matured registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) in the form of a life annuity, a fixed term annuity, a registered retirement income fund or an income-averaging annuity contract; pensions paid to widows or other relatives of deceased pensioners; pensions of retired civil servants, Armed Forces personnel and RCMP officers; annuity payments received from the Canadian Government Annuities Fund, an insurance compay, etc. Does not include lump-sum death benefits, lump-sum benefits or withdrawals from a pension plan or RRSP or refunds of overcontributions. Also includes regular cash income received during calendar year 1985 and not included in any of the other sources, e.g., alimony, child support, periodic support from other persons not in the household, net income from roomers and boarders, income from abroad (except dividends and interest), non-refundable scholarships and bursaries, severance pay, royalties, strike pay. This variable is always positive and shows the actual amount received in 1985 except for certain cases where the reported amount was beyond specified limits. For further information on income data, see "Data Quality". 0 EFTOTINC Total family income 241 - 247 F7.0 CONTENT COVERAGE zero total income or no economic 0 Population 15 years of age and over in private households. family COMMENTS Refers to the total income of the maintainer's economic family unit which is the sum of amounts received by all individuals 15 years of age and over in the maintainer's economic family unit during 1985 from the sources listed below. (1) Wages and Salaries These are gross wages and salaries before deductions for such items as income tax, pensions, unemployment insurance, etc. Included in this source are military pay and allowances, tips, commissions, cash bonuses as well as all types of casual earnings in calendar year 1985. All income "in kind" such as free board and lodging is excluded. (2) Net Non-farm Self-employment Income Refers to net income (gross receipts minus expenses of operation such as wages, rents, depreciation, etc.) received during calendar year 1985 from the respondent's non-farm unincorporated business or professional practice. In the case of a partnership, only the respondent's share was to be reported. Also included is net income from persons baby-sitting in their own homes, operators of direct distributorships such as selling and delivering cosmetics, as well as from free-lance activities of artists, writers, music teachers, hairdressers, dressmakers, etc. (3) Net Farm Self-employment Income Refers to net income (gross receipts from farm sales minus depreciation and cost of operation) received during calendar year 1985 from the operation of a farm, either on own account or in partnership. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share of income was to be reported. Also included are advance, supplementary or assistance payments to farmers by federal or provincial governments. However, the value of income "in kind", such as agricultural products produced and consumed on the farm is excluded. (4) Family Allowances Refers to total allowances paid in calendar year 1985 by the federal and provincial governments in respect of dependent children under 18 years of age. These allowances, though not collected directly from the respondents, were calculated and included in the income of one of the parents. (5) Federal Child Tax Credits Refers to federal child tax credits paid in calendar year 1985 by the federal government in respect of dependent children under 18 years of age. The 1986 census included federal child tax credits as a source of income for the first time. No information was collected from the respondents on child tax credits. Instead, these were calculated in the course of processing and assigned, where applicable, to one of the parents in the census family on the basis of information on children in the family and the family income. (6) Old Age Security Pension and Guaranteed Income Supplement Refers to old age security pensions and guaranteed income supplements paid to persons 65 years of age and over, and spouses' allowances paid to 60 to 64 year-old spouses of old age security recipients by the federal government only during calendar year 1985. Also included are extended spouses' allowances paid to 60 to 64 year-old widows/widowers whose spouse was an old age security pension recipient. (7) Benefits from Canada or Quebec Pension Plan Refers to benefits received in calendar year 1985 under the Canada or Quebec Pension Plan, e.g. retirement pensions, survivors' benefits, disability pensions. Does not include retirement pensions of civil servants, RCMP and military personnel or lump-sum death benefits. (8) Benefits from Unemployment Insurance Refers to total unemployment insurance benefits received in calendar year 1985, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for sickness, maternity, fishing, work sharing, retraining and retirement received under the Federal Unemployment Insurance program. (9) Other Income from Government Sources Refers to all transfer payments, excluding those covered as a separate income source (family allowances, federal child tax credits, old age security pensions and guaranteed income supplements, Canada/Quebec Pension Plan benefits and unemployment insurance benefits) received from federal, provincial or municipal programs in calendar year 1985. This source includes transfer payments received by persons in need such as mothers with dependent children, persons temporarily or permanently unable to work, elderly individuals, the blind and the disabled. Included are provincial income supplement payments to seniors to supplement old age security and guaranteed income supplement and provincial payments to seniors to help offset accommodation costs. Also included are other transfer payments such as for training under the National Training Program (NTP), veterans' pensions, war veterans' allowance, pensions to widows and dependants of veterans, workers' compensation, etc. Additionally, provincial tax credits and allowances claimed on the income tax return are included. (10) Dividends and Interest on Bonds, Deposits and Savings Certificates, and Other Investment Income Refers to interest received in calendar year 1985 from deposits in banks, trust companies, co-operatives, credit unions, caisses populaires, etc., as well as interest on savings certificates, bonds and debentures and all dividends from both Canadian and foreign stocks. Also included is other investment income from either Canadian or foreign sources such as net rents from real estate, mortgage and loan interest received, regular income from an estate or trust fund, and interest from insurance policies. (11) Retirement Pensions, Superannuation and Annuities Refers to all regular income received during calendar year 1985 as the result of having been a member of a pension plan of one or more employers. It includes payments received from all annuities, including payments from a mature registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) in the form of a life annuity, a fixed term annuity, a registered retirement income fund or an income-averaging annuity contract; pensions paid to widows or other relatives or deceased pensioners; pensions of retired civil servants, Armed Forces personnel and RCMP officers; annuity payments received from the Canadian Government Annuities Fund, an insurance company, etc. Does not include lump-sum death benefits, lump- sum benefits or withdrawals from a pension plan or RRSP or refunds of overcontributions. (12) Other Money Income Refers to regular income received during calendar year 1985 and not reported in any of the other nine sources listed on the questionnaire, e.g., alimony, child support, periodic support from other persons not in the household, net income from roomers and boarders, income from abroad (except dividends and interest), non-refundable scholarships and bursaries, severance pay, royalties, strike pay. Receipts Not Counted as Income Gambling gains and losses, money inherited during the year in a lump sum, capital gains or losses, receipts from the sale of property or personal belongings, income tax refunds, loan payments received, loans repaid to an individual as the lender, lump sum settlements of insurance policies, rebates of property taxes and other taxes, and refunds of pensions contributions were excluded as well as all income in kind such as free meals, living accommodation, or food and fuel produced on own farm. Remarks No income information was collected from institutional residents in the 1986 census. Individuals immigrating to Canada in 1986 have zero income. Also, because of response problems, all individuals in Hutterite colonies were assigned zero income. This is a signed numeric field and shows the actual amount received in 1985 except for certain cases where the reported amount was beyond specified limits. For further information on income data, see "Data Quality". 1 III. Data Quality + ____________ This section provides data quality notes on the data contained in the file. It is composed of two parts: Information on the characteristics of the sample The reader will find information on the sample design and the reliability of the estimates, namely: A. Target population and geographical limitations of the file B. Sample design C. Estimation 1. Weighting 2. Types of estimation D. Data reliability 1. Acceptability of estimations 2. Sampling variability 3. Non-sampling variability Information related to other factors affecting data reliability Non-sampling errors can also have an impact on data quality. The user will find information on these factors, namely for the household maintainer and type of dwelling variables whose data must be interpreted with care. III.A Sample design and estimation III.A.1 Target Population and Geographical Limitations of the File The target population for the file includes all private households in occupied private dwellings in Canada outside Indian reserves. Thus, the following population subgroups are not included in the file: + ____________ (a) collective households; (b) households outside Canada; (c) dwellings occupied by temporary residents and/or foreign residents; (d) households located on Indian reserves. In order to meet confidentiality criteria, the geographical information on the file is limited. Thus, the census metropolitan area (CMA), broken down by rural/urban code, is the lowest level of geographical aggregation of the file. However, a supplementary criterion, minimum population by CMA, is also imposed. Hence, only CMAs with a private off- reserve household population exceeding 50,000 are identified. For this reason, certain CMAs are combined, those are: Trois-Rivieres and Sherbrooke Sudbury and Thunder Bay However, two exceptions are made to the minimum population rule: the province of Prince Edward Island and Yukon/Northwest Territories are identified separately. III.A.2 Sample Design The household microdata sample was selected using a two-stage sampling method. The one-fifth (2B data) sample collected during the 1986 Census constitutes the first stage of sampling. In the second stage of sampling, a systematic sample of households was selected within pre- determined strata, with probability proportional to the household weight. 1. First Stage In the 1986 Census, four out of five households were enumerated using a short questionnaire (2A). This questionnaire contained nine questions of a demographic and ethno-cultural/linguistic nature. One out of five households received a more detailed questionnaire (2B). In addition to the nine 2A questions, the 2B questionnaire contained 23 other questions covering a wide range of topics. The first stage of sampling for the household microdata file therefore begins with the census one-fifth (2B) sample. The data collected by the census for this population subgroup are weighted. Thus, each household in the sample "represents", in addition to itself, four households which are not part of the sample. The average weighting factor or weight for each household is approximately five, although these weights are modified slightly by a statistical adjustment procedure. For further details concerning the census one-fifth sample, refer to the "Census Handbook", 1988 (cat.no. 99-104E). 2. Second Stage As indicated in Section A, the target population for the file was divided into subgroups or geographical strata and a sample of households was drawn from each of these strata. On average, 1.29 households were selected for every 100 households, or approximately 6.45 households for every 100 households in the unweighted 2B population. This sampling ratio varied according to the geographical area concerned in order to ensure, with a few exceptions, a minimum size of 2,500 households. Table 1 shows the geographical strata along with their inverse sampling ratios, the size of the target population and the size of the sample obtained. Table 1 : Geographic Stratification of the Sample of Households ------------------------------------------------------------ Geographic Area | Inverse | Size of | Sample Size | sampling| the target| | ratio | population| | | (weighted | | | 2B) | ------------------------------------------------------------ CMA 1. Halifax 41 103,828 2,532 2. Chicoutimi-Jonquiere 20 51,274 2,564 3. Montreal 100 1,115,357 11,154 4. Quebec City 87 218,050 2,506 5. Trois-Rivieres & Sherbrooke 38 95,992 2,526 6. Hull 28 70,274 2,510 7. Ottawa 92 232,002 2,522 8. Hamilton 80 201,327 2,516 9. Kitchener 44 110,154 2,504 10.London 51 129,402 2,537 11.Oshawa 27 68,010 2,519 12.St. Catharines-Niagara 49 124,576 2,543 13.Sudbury & Thunder Bay 38 95,089 2,503 14.Toronto 100 1,199,754 11,998 15.Windsor 36 91,613 2,545 16.Winnipeg 94 236,319 2,514 17.Regina 27 67,641 2,505 18.Saskatoon 29 73,920 2,549 19.Calgary 99 248,588 2,511 20.Edmonton 100 283,146 2,832 21.Vancouver 100 530,310 5,303 22.Victoria 41 104,654 2,553 Residual areas 23.Newfoundland 63 159,081 2,525 24.New Brunswick 92 230,807 2,509 25.Prince Edward Island 20 40,594 2,029 26.Nova Scotia (less CMAs) 100 190,813 1,908 27.Quebec (less CMAs) 100 801,583 8,016 28.Ontario (less CMAs) 100 962,317 9,623 29.Prairies (less CMAs) 100 651,719 6,517 30.British Columbia 100 439,675 4,396 (less CMAs) 31.Northwest Territories 20 21,556 1,078 & Yukon ------------------------------------------------------------ TOTAL 8,949,425 115,347 ------------------------------------------------------------ Thus, in Halifax, one in every 41 households, or 5 out of 41 households of the unweighted 2B population, were selected. In addition, to make the sample more representative, the population was sorted within each geographical stratum by the following variables: (a) Tenure (i) owner (ii) tenant (b) Type of household (i) one-family household (ii) multiple-family household (iii) non-family household (c) Household income (i) less than $24,000 (ii) $24,000 and over For households located in CMAs, a supplementary sort is carried out by: (d1) Area of residence (i) urban core (ii) urban fringe (iii) rural fringe (d2) Area of residence (i) population of 100,000 and over (ii) population between 30,000 and 99,999 (iii) population between 10,000 and 29,999 (iv) population between 2,500 and 9,999 (v) population less than 2,500 (including rural areas) The sample was then selected within each stratum as follows: a random number, called the "random start", was selected between 0 and the inverse sampling rate minus 1. The weight of the first household in the stratum as defined by the 2B sample was added to the random start. If the sum obtained was greater than or equal to the inverse sampling ratio, the household was selected; otherwise, the weight of the next household was added, and so on. This procedure is called "systematic sampling with probability proportional to size", with size in this case being the weight of the household. This method makes it possible to obtain a sample in which the distribution of household characteristics is the same as in the total population. In order to avoid any risk of identifying households due to the systematic character of sampling, the order of households is modified randomly within each geographic stratum. III.A.3 Estimation In this section, the concept of weighting is introduced as it applies to the household microdata file, and then a brief explanation is provided of the types of estimation which may be obtained using the microdata file. 1. Weighting The household microdata file contains a record for each selected household in the sample. Each record contains a certain number of characteristics or variables described in "Detailed Description of Variables". Each of those households represents, in addition to itself, several other households which are not part of the sample. Instead of repeating the records in the sample according to the number of households they represent, each record has been assigned a weighting factor or weight. This weight is equivalent to the inverse sampling ratio associated with the household's particular geographic area. These inverse ratios are listed in Table 1 and identified in the microdata file by the WEIGHT variable. The weight therefore indicates the number of times a particular record must be reproduced to obtain population estimates. For example, if we wish to estimate the number of "semi-detached" dwellings in Canada, we can select the records from the microdata file relating to this category of dwelling, and then add up their weights. N.B.: Users are advised not to use unweighted data from the microdata file. The file was obtained using a complex sample design, characterized by major differences in sampling ratios among geographical strata (Table 1). Consequently, certain regions are over-represented in the sample relative to their population, to ensure a minimum sample size of 2,500 households in each geographical stratum. This means that the unweighted sample is not representative of the population covered by the file. 2. Types of Estimation Two types of variables are contained in the file: qualitative variables indicating whether or not a houseold possesses a given characteristic, and quantitative variables such as income. (a) Estimation for qualitative variables Suppose we wish to estimate the number of household maintainers of British ethnic origin residing in Ontario. This estimate is easily obtained by adding up the weights of the records of households possessing this combination of characteristics. This could be expressed as a proportion of all household maintainers in Ontario, the latter being obtained by adding up the weights of all households in the province. (b) Estimation for quantitative variables In the case of quantitative variables, estimates may be obtained based directly on the numerical values of these variables, such as averages, medians or totals. For example, the average employment income of female household maintainers in Quebec could be calculated using the following formula: Estimate of the average employment X income of female household = ----- maintainers in Quebec Y where the numerator (X) is a quantitative estimate of the total employment income of female household maintainers in Quebec. This estimate is obtained by multiplying the weights of each record (one per household) of female household maintainers in Quebec by their employment income, and by adding up these products for all the appropriate records. The denominator (Y) is obtained by adding up the weights of the records of female household maintainers in Quebec. It should be noted that the X and Y estimates are obtained independently, then divided one by the other. (c) More complex analyses The user may wish to apply certain data analysis techniques, such as linear or logistic regression, or variance analysis, to the household file. However, caution must be exercised in doing so. The microdata file is obtained using a complex sample design and each record is therefore assigned a weight. The user must take these weights into account in any analysis. Thus, the significance of any specific analysis of the data will depend on the extent to which it takes the sampling plan into account. III.A.4 Data Reliability Since the microdata file is based on a sample of households, we cannot expect perfect agreement between the census data (based on the whole census or on the census one-fifth sample) and estimates based on results obtained using the microdata records. These data will inevitably differ to a certain degree, because of the random character of sample selection; however, the degree of random variation can be calculated. The methodology used for the production of general tables illustrating measurements of sampling error are presented prior to a discussion of a statistical test designed to evaluate the degree of agreement of the microdata sample with the 2B census data. Finally, there is a brief discussion of non-sampling errors. 1. Acceptability of the Estimations A frequently used statistical test to verify the degree of agreement between estimates based on a sample and totals for the entire population is the chi-square test. While we are not presenting a mathematical description of this test here, it concerns the distribution observed in the sample, for each variable in the file, compared to the distribution obtained from the census population (weighted 2B), within each geographic area included in the file. A critical threshold is set, in this instance 5%, and it is to be expected that, on average, 1 test out of 20 will yield significant results due to sampling variability. If this limit is exceeded, the microdata sample is a poor sample of the census population for a given variable. The results agreed with the predictions, since less than 5% of the statistical tests calculated were significant. It may therefore be assumed that the sample obtained is an acceptable representation of the census population. 2. Sampling Variability The difference between the estimates obtained from the household microdata sample and the census results is defined as the estimate's sampling error. However, even if we do not know the exact value of this discrepancy, it is possible to estimate a statistical measure called the standard error. This measure reflects the variability expected for estimates based on samples of similar size and design and can be estimated from the sample data. Using the standard error, it is possible to define confidence intervals for the estimates, assuming that they are distributed normally around the true population value. Thus, there is an approximately 68% chance that the difference between an estimate based on a sample and the true population value will be less than one standard error, an approximately 95% chance that this difference will be less than two standard errors and an approximately 99% chance that it will be less than two and a half times the standard error. It should be noted that these intervals take into account only the sampling variability of the estimate. Thus, errors not due to sampling variability, such as response and processing errors, which can introduce systematic biases in the data, are not accounted for by the confidence interval. Non-sampling errors are dicussed in Section D3. (a) Sampling variability for qualitative variables A measure frequently used to demonstrate the degree of sampling variability of an estimate is the "coefficient of variation (CV)". This is simply the standard error expressed as a percentage of the estimate. General tables of sampling variability are provided in Appendix B (copies available from University of Toronto Data Library Service). It should be noted, however, that because of the large number of estimates which can be derived from the household microdata file, it is impossible to present exact CVs for all the possible areas of study. Approximate CVs expressed as percentages are presented for the national level and for each CMA and province identified in the microdata file. In addition to being easy to use, these tables, although approximate, enable the user to decide whether a particular estimate may be released for general use or should be discarded. The following table sets out the rules generally followed at Statistics Canada for deciding, on the basis of its CV, whether or not an estimate should be released. Category Coefficient of Alphabetic Recommendation variation (%) code 1. Unrestricted 0.0 to 0.5 A Estimates may be included 0.6 to 1.0 B in a general release with- 1.1 to 2.5 C out restriction. Use of the 2.6 to 5.0 D alphabetic code is recom- 5.1 to 10.0 E mended. The letter A indi- 10.1 to 16.5 F cates that the estimate is very reliable; the letter B indicates that the esti- mate is reliable, but less so than category A, etc. 2. Restricted 16.6 to 25.0 G The estimates are suf- 25.1 to 33.3 H ficiently reliable for specific purposes, but must be used with great caution. Any time they are used, it must be pointed out that their sampling variability is high. 3. Not to be 33.4 and over I The estimates must not be released released in any form or under any condition. They should be deleted from statistical tables. The CVs presented in Tables of Approximated Sampling Variability (in Appendix B, available in print format as above) were calculated using the simple random sample formula. However, since the household microdata sample was selected using a more complex sampling plan, each CV was multiplied by a factor called the sample design effect. This factor is defined as the ratio between the actual standard error of the estimate (according to the complex sample design) and the standard error for a simple random sample of the same size. The sample design effect has been calculated for various characteristics for each CMA and province and for Canada as a whole. The design effects used in Tables of Approximated Sampling Variability (in Appendix B) represent typical values selected from these calculated values. Preference was given to high factors rather than low ones, thus introducing a certain conservatism in the tables and generally yielding CVs greater than would have been obtained using more accurate techniques. A few rules for using these tables are presented below, and should enable users to determine the approximate CVs for estimates of totals, percentages and ratios. Rule 1. Estimates of Totals In this case, the CV depends solely on the value of the estimated total. For example, if we estimate the number of "semi-detached" dwellings in Montreal at 532,000; using the table for Montreal, we refer to the row closest to 532,000 (the numerator of the percentage), in this case 500,000, and we move across until we reach the column containing an estimate (any column different from "*****"). For this example, the approximate CV relating to the estimated number of semi-detached dwellings in Montreal is around 1.2%. This estimate can therefore be released without restriction, although use of the alphabetic code "C" is recommended. Rule 2. Estimation of Percentages The CV of a percentage estimate depends on the value of the percentage and on the size of the population on which the percentage is based. For example, let us assume that we wish to obtain the CV of the estimate of the number of household maintainers between the ages of 20 and 24 who reside in Winnipeg and were born in Manitoba. The estimate of the number of household maintainers between the ages of 20 and 24 in Winnipeg is 17,578. Of this number, 12,690 were born in Manitoba. The numerator of the percentage in this case is therefore 12,690. The estimated percentage is 12,690/17,578, or approximately 70%. Using the table for Winnipeg, we refer to the row closest to 12,690 in this case 12,000, then to the column closest to 72%, in this case 70%. Looking at the intersection of the corresponding row and column on the table, we find that the approximate CV is 5.7%. The estimate can therefore be released without restriction, although use of the alphabetic code "E" is recommended. Rule 3. Estimation of Ratios When the numerator is a subset of the denominator, as in the preceding example, rule 2 must be used. When the numerator is not a subset of the denominator as for example the ratio of the number of female household maintainers to the number of male household maintainers, the following formula is used to calculate the CV: X let the ratio R = --- Y CV(R) = (CV(X)**2 + CV(Y)**2)**1/2 Where CV(X) and CV(Y) are obtained using rule 1 or 2. However, this formula will have the effect of overestimating the CV if there is a positive correlation between X and Y and of underestimating it if there is a negative correlation. (b) Sampling variability for quantitative variables As explained in Section C.2., statistics for the quantitative variables can be derived based on their numerical value. Averages, medians and factors of correlation, for example, belong to this category. Since the microdata file represents a sample of all the private households in occupied private dwellings off reserves in Canada, each record is assigned a weight. These weights must therefore be taken into consideration in all analyses. Although the majority of statistical software programs permit the use of weights, there may be some variation in definitions. Although estimates produced using weights are usually correct, the estimates of sampling variability may not be. To calculate the correct sampling variabilities, we must know all the details of the sampling plan, details which cannot be disclosed here for reasons of complexity and confidentiality. However, we propose an alternative method, using random groups, for calculating the sampling variability of quantitative variables. Although this method requires additional work, it yields a good estimate of the desired standard error. The following steps should be followed: (i) Distribute the units (households) on the microdata file into k subgroups of approximately equal size (k=4 would be sufficient), within each geographical stratum (Table 1). Since the households have already been placed in random order, a systematic distribution is sufficient, placing the first element and each kth element which follows in the first subgroup and so on. (ii) Calculate the value of the desired statistics for each subgroup. This requires multiplying the weight by the value k, since each subgroup must represent the entire population. Let "z(i)" equal the value of the statistic for the subgroup i (i=1,2, ... ,k). (iii) The standard error of the statistic is calculated using the following formula: k _ k z(i) s = 1/k(k-1) * sum * (z(i) - z)**2 where z = sum ----- 1=1 1=1 k 3. Non-sampling Variability Sampling error is only one component of a survey's total error. Non- sampling errors may also contribute to this total error. Errors of this type are introduced, for example, when the respondent provides incorrect information or does not answer a certain question (response error), when a unit of the target population is overlooked or counted more than once (coverage error), or during data processing, for example, coding or data capture errors. Furthermore, in order to meet confidentiality criteria, some values must be suppressed. The measures of sampling variability discussed in the preceding sections take into account only variability relative to census data. Thus, they do not reflect any inaccuracies introduced in these data (both census and sample) by non-sampling errors and suppressions. If a specific estimate concerns only a small proportion of the population, the sampling error will be the primary component of the total error. However, the more closely the estimate approximates the total number in the population, the smaller the sampling error becomes, which is not necessarily the case for non-sampling errors. In fact, the more closely the estimate approximates the total of the corresponding population, the larger the non-sampling errors relative to sampling errors. III.B Other factors affecting data reliability III.B.1 Adjustments to geostatistical areas Users should be aware that census geostatistical areas are subject to change from one census to the next. Therefore, when using data from two or more censuses, the user must be aware of, and take into consideration, any changes to the geographic limits of the areas being compared. Users wishing to obtain additional information in this regard should refer to section IV (Documentation). III.B.2 Population counts based on usual residence The population counts shown here for a particular area represent the number of Canadians whose usual place of residence is in that area, regardless of where they happened to be on Census Day. Also included are any Canadians staying in a dwelling in that area on Census Day and having no usual place of residence elsewhere in Canada. In most areas, there is little difference between the number of usual residents and the number of people staying in the area on Census Day. For certain places, however, such as tourist or vacation areas, or those including large work camps, the number of people staying in the area at any particular time could significantly exceed the number of usual residents shown here. III.B.3 Immigrant population and population born outside Canada All persons born outside Canada are not necessarily immigrants to Canada. Individuals who have reported their place of birth outside Canada, but who are Canadian citizens by birth, are not considered immigrants to Canada. Consequently, they do not have a period of immigration or age at immigration when they take up permanent residence in Canada. These individuals will be included in the non-immigrant population. This approach was used in the 1981 Census. By contrast, in the 1971 Census, all persons born outside Canada were categorized as immigrants and required to respond to the question on period of immigration. III.B.4 Mobility status The geographic areas reflect boundaries as of January 1, 1986, the geographic reference date for the 1986 Census of Canada. The counts for total "migrants" (a migrant is anyone who, five years earlier, did not have his/her usual place of residence within the census subdivision (CSD) where he/she was enumerated) are additive across any geographic level - e.g., the migrant count at the Canada level is the sum of the migrants at the provincial level. At the CSD level, users are advised to exercise caution in the use of data on migrants, particularly for suburban municipalities within large metropolitan areas. Counts for total migrants, including in- and out- migrants, could be distorted due to suspected types of mis-response such as: (a) respondents in metropolitan areas reporting the main city rather than the municipality they actually lived in five years earlier (e.g., reported Toronto instead of Scarborough); (b) respondents failing to indicate a move from a different CSD if they perceived that they were still in the same main city (e.g., moved from Toronto to Scarborough but indicated that they still lived in the same municipality); and (c) respondents reporting moves according to out-of-date boundaries. The concept of "migrant" is defined at the CSD level. For geographic levels below the CSD, such as enumeration areas (EAs) and census tracts (CTs), please note that the distinction between the migrant and non- migrant population refers to the corresponding CSD of the EA or CT. For example, migrants of a CT are those persons who moved from a different CSD, while non-migrants are those who moved within the same CSD - they moved either between different CTs or within the same CT. Names and boundaries of particular census subdivisions may undergo trivial or, in some cases, substantial modifications during the five- year intercensal period; therefore, comparisons of data for a specific subprovincial area between any two censuses will not be valid unless these changes, if any, are accounted for. Details of intercensal boundary changes can be found in the Standard + ________ Geographical Classification (Cat. No. 12-573). + ___________________________ Boundaries and CSD components of CMAs and CAs will often undergo modifications during the intercensal period; therefore, comparisons of data for specific areas between any two censuses will not be valid unless these changes are accounted for. A publication is available which provides comparisons of 1986 CMAs and CAs, and their 1981 versions. Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations: A 1986 and 1981 + ________________________________________________________________________ Comparison (Cat. No. 99-105E or F) lists census subdivisions that make + __________ up the 1986 version of each CMA and CA, and shows corresponding delineations for 1981. III.B.5 Number of weeks worked The data for the 40-48 and 49-52 weeks worked categories for 1985 must be interpreted with caution because some respondents tend to exclude their paid leave of absence due to vacation or for other reasons from their work weeks, when in fact such leave of absence should be included. As a result, the 49-52 week category may be understated. III.B.6 Labour force activity The census labour force activity concepts have not changed between 1981 and 1986. However, the processing of the data was modified causing some differences. In the 1986 Census, contrary to previous censuses, a question on school attendance was not asked. This question was used to edit the labour force activity variable, specifically unemployment. Consequently, the processing differences affect the unemployed population and are mostly concentrated among the 15-19 year age group. The table below indicates the magnitude of the effect upon the data, at the Canada level. Table: Labour Force Activity, 1981 Census of Canada ------------------------------------------------------------ | | 1981 Census | 1981 Census | % | | Canada |(as published | (using 1986 | change | | | in 1981) | processing) | | ------------------------------------------------------------ | | | | | |Labour force | 12,054,150 | 12,081,280 | .23 | |15 years | | | | |and over | | | | | Employed | 11,167,915 | 11,167,915 |no change| | Unemployed | 886,235 | 913,365 | 3.06 | |Not in the | 6,555,135 | 6,528,005 | -0.41 | |labour force | | | | | | | | | |Labour force | 1,073,945 | 1,098,390 | 2.28 | |15-19 years | | | | | Employed | 906,705 | 906,705 |no change| | Unemployed | 167,240 | 191,680 | 14.61 | |Not in the | 1,229,630 | 1,205,190 | -1.99 | |labour force | | | | | | | | | |Labour force | 10,980,205 | 10,982,890 | 0.02 | |20 years and | | | | |over | | | | | Employed | 10,261,210 | 10,261,210 |no change| | Unemployed | 718,995 | 721,685 | 0.37 | |Not in the | 5,325,505 | 5,322,815 | -0.05 | |labour force | | | | ------------------------------------------------------------ III.B.7 Comparability and quality of language data Comparison between 1981 and 1986. Mother tongue and home language. The language questions were the same in + ________________________________ the last two censuses, but the instructions to respondents were modified for mother tongue and home language. In 1981, respondents were asked to indicate only one mother tongue and only one home language; nevertheless, 597,980 persons (2.5% of the population) reported more than one mother tongue and 535,735 persons (2.2% of the population) reported more than one home language. To better reflect the linguistic reality in Canada, these instructions were dropped from the 1986 Census. Under the new guidelines, individuals could report more than one mother tongue if they had learned them at the same time and had spoken one as frequently as the other when they were children. Similarly, respondents could indicate more than one home language if they were now speaking them equally often at home. The number of multiple responses given in the 1986 Census was significantly higher than in the 1981 Census. In 1986, 954,940 persons or 3.8% of the population reported a multiple response to the mother tongue question, while 1,159,675 or 4.6% of the population indicated more than one home language. This increase was the result either of the changes made in the questionnaire, of changes in the way in which the population answers language questions or of an increase in the number of persons who had more than one mother tongue or spoke more than one language at home. A combination of these factors may also explain the increase in multiple responses. When the 1981 data were processed, only one language was retained for publication, even in cases where the respondent reported more than one. In 1986, responses indicating more than one language were accepted. In order to facilitate the determination of the trends between the two censuses, the 1986 Census results have been adjusted. In cases where more than one language was reported, the multiple responses were distributed among the component languages in the same proportions as the 1981 Census. The results have been published in a special document entitled "Adjusted Language Data", April (1988). Also, data from the 1981 Census have been adjusted to show the multiple responses reported at that time. The data are presented in Table 4 of publications 93-102 (mother tongue ) and 93-103 (home language). These adjustments to the mother tongue and home language figures make it easier to relate the 1986 data to the 1981 data, but do not make the results of the two censuses entirely comparable. Consequently, considerable care must be exercised in the interpretation of changes between 1981 and 1986. The 1986 classification of languages differs from that used in 1981, especially with regard to the aboriginal languages. Appendix B of the 1986 Census Dictionary (Catalogue No. 99-101E) provides a description of + ______________________ the changes. Official Language. Some respondents report speaking English or French or + _________________ both at home, while on the other hand they indicate in the official language question, that they cannot carry on a conversation in these languages. In such cases, in the 1981 Census, the answer to the official language question was considered erroneous. Consequently, during data processing, this answer was changed to show that the person could speak the official language(s) they had reported to the home language question. In the 1986 Census, not all of these responses were considered erroneous. If the respondent indicated being able to speak only one official language - either English or French - and this language matched the person's mother tongue, no correction was made during processing. Consequently, these response patterns appear as such in the 1986 tabulations. For further information on language data, contact the Housing, Family and Social Statistics Division, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Canada K1A 0T6. III.B.8 Comparability of data on ethnic origin Comparison between 1981 and 1986. The 1981 and 1986 ethnic origin data + ___________________________________ are not directly comparable. The 1981 ethnic origin question: To which ethnic or cultural group did you or your ancestors belong on first coming to this continent?, was modified for the 1986 Census. The phrase "on first coming to this continent" was removed from the 1986 version as it was viewed as being inappropriate for persons of aboriginal origin. The 1986 question was: To which ethnic or cultural group(s) do you or did your ancestors belong? In 1986, respondents were instructed to mark or specify as many groups as apply. This instruction along with the addition of two more write-in spaces contributed significantly to an increase in multiple ethnic origin responses. As well, the mark-boxes in the question were ordered on the basis of 1981 incidence reporting of single ethnic origins. This changed the relative positions of the mark boxes Chinese and Polish. In light of the recommendations of a Parliamentary Commission on Visible Minorities in Canadian Society in the report Equality Now and the Abella + ____________ Commission on Equality in Employment, the mark box Black was added to the 1986 ethnic origin question. The mark-boxes for aboriginal peoples were also changed. In 1986, status and non-status Indian categories which had been part of the 1981 ethnic origin question were replaced by North American Indian. It should be noted that persons of non-aboriginal cultural origin but status Indian under the Indian Act of Canada, for example, persons who obtained Indian Status at marriage, could have been included in 1981 data for aboriginal peoples. These persons may not have identified their ethnic origin to be North American Indian in 1986 and thus would not be included in the 1986 count of aboriginal peoples. Also, in 1986, an undetermined number of persons of Metis origin could have indicated their ethnic origin as being the multiple response North American Indian and some other ethnic or cultural origin(s). Single and Multiple Response A Single Response occurs when the respondent provides only one origin. + ________________ For example, for Canada, 709,585 gave Italian as their only ethnic origin. A Multiple Response occurs when the respondent provides more than one + __________________ origin. Some 297,325 Canadians gave a response which included Italian and one or more ethnic or cultural origin(s). For example, 31,495 provided the multiple response combination: Italian and French. In the ethnic origin legend for this profile, the single origins are shown as unique groups. The multiple origins are shown as one group: multiple origins. In the case of the 31,495 Italian and French multiple response combination, it would be included in the multiple origins count (6,986,345 for Canada). For further information regarding the data on ethnic origin, please contact the Housing, Family and Social Statistics Division, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0T6 (613) 951-2574. III.B.9 Household maintainer Users of data on household maintainers, such as sex of maintainer or mother tongue of maintainer, should be aware of certain limitations which can potentially have a large impact on the use and analysis of these data. The household maintainer variable is a derived variable, a combination and manipulation of the responses that users have provided to the question on "person responsible for payments" and the question on "relationship to Person 1". The purpose of the household maintainer variable is to classify families within a household as primary (i.e. families of which the maintainer is a member) or secondary (i.e. families of which the maintainer is not a member). The variable is neither designed nor recommended for use as the equivalent of the previous "Household Head" variable for analytical purposes. The variable itself was not treated, during processing as a variable to be used in analysis. For example, if a respondent listed more than one name under the "person responsible for payments" question, only the first name inscribed was captured; the others were discarded. In addition, if a respondent indicated that no person in the household made shelter payments, the household was left without a primary family, but Person 1 was arbitrarily assigned to be the household maintainer. The basis for these processing decisions was the priority of categorizing families as primary or secondary, not providing a reference person for the household. Users are cautioned, therefore, to refrain from making unjustified inferences based solely on direct comparisons of characteristics of household maintainers. For example, one should be careful when comparing female maintainers with male maintainers because an unknown number of each may have been entered as a second entry in the "person responsible for payments" question, and subsequently discarded. Similarly, a number of cases may have occurred in which a person outside the household has been replaced by "Person 1" in the derivation of the household maintainer, resulting in a person of a different sex ending up as the household maintainer. Misinterpretation of results can also occur when using other maintainer characteristics, such as mother tongue or ethnic origin, to classify a household because these characteristics can be different for the other members of the household. It is suggested that analyses using these variables also take into account the characteristics of the maintainer's spouse. III.B.10 Structural type of dwelling Users of structural type of dwelling data are cautioned about certain limitations of the data. Initial investigation of these data reveals the following limitations which may affect the quality of the data: (1) In the 1986 Census, there was a higher rate of non-response to the structural type of dwelling question than in 1981 (2.3% compared with 0.5%). The impact of this higher non-response on overall data quality should be small except in a limited number of geographic areas where non-responses may have been concentrated. It should be noted that the information on structural type was reported by the Census Representative in 1986, whereas in 1981, it was reported by the household respondent. (2) Sharp declines between the 1981 and 1986 Censuses were found in every province for mobile homes and other movable dwellings. This is thought to be due to the misclassification of a number of mobile homes as other structural types, primarily single-detached dwellings. For larger geographic areas, this error is not expected to have a significant impact upon other dwelling categories because of the relatively small number of mobiles and movables. (3) Apartments in buildings of less than five storeys present some differences with 1981 Census counts, especially in Quebec and particularly in Montreal. Also, high over-counts in 1981 of duplexes, double houses and row houses resulted in sharp declines for these types in 1986 in certain provinces. An initial historical analysis indicated the 1986 counts were quite realistic. III.B.11 Income data The total income concept in the 1986 Census included, for the first time, federal child tax credits. As in 1981, the 1986 Census did not collect income information from institutional residents. Income statistics for families and households are for those in private households only. Census income statistics are subject to sampling variability. Although such sampling variability may be quite small for large population groups, its effects cannot be ignored in the case of very small subgroups of population in an area or in a particular category. This is because, all other things being equal, the larger the sample size, the smaller is the error. For this reason, published income data for areas below the provincial level, where the non-institutional population was below 250, have been suppressed. However, where statistics are not suppressed but are still based on relatively small totals, the readers are strongly advised to exercise caution in the use and interpretation of these statistics. Income status Income status refers to the position of economic families and unattached individuals in relation to Statistics Canada's low income cut-offs. These cut-offs are determined separately for families of different sizes and living in areas of different degrees of urbanization. For the 1986 Census, they are based on the revised (1978) cut-offs which were initially estimated from the 1978 National Family Expenditure Survey and then updated to 1985 by the changes in the Consumer Price Index since 1978. The 1985 matrix of low income cut-offs is shown in Table 1. For the purposes of low income statistics, economic families and unattached individuals in the Yukon and the Northwest Territories and on the Indian reserves are excluded. The low income cut-offs were based on certain expenditure-income patterns which were not available from survey data for the entire population. The census and the Survey of Consumer Finances differ slightly when applying the "Size of Area" classification to derive incidence of low income. Census takes into account the density of population to designate an enumeration area as urban and the total population of contiguous urban EAs determines the size of area. The survey takes complete CMAs or CAs and classifies these into size of area by total population within the CMA/CA boundaries. The overall impact of this difference is negligible. For further details on conceptual and coverage aspects, see the 1986 Census publication Family Income, Economic Families, Catalogue No. 93- + _________________________________ 918. (See also, Income Distributions by Size in Canada, 1985, Catalogue + ______________________________________ No. 13-207.) ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Table 1 : Low Income Cut-offs of Family Units, 1985 ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Size of family unit ------------------------------------------------------- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 or Size of area person persons persons persons persons persons more of residence persons 500,000 10,233 13,501 18,061 20,812 24,252 26,488 29,155 and over 100,000- 9,719 12,815 17,115 19,779 22,963 25,026 27,606 499,999 30,000- 9,117 11,956 15,996 18,490 21,415 23,393 25,801 99,999 Small urban 8,429 11,093 14,880 17,200 19,952 21,758 23,994 regions Rural areas 7,568 9,891 13,244 15,310 17,803 19,436 21,415 -------------------------------------------------------------------- *1985 dollars Rounding and Adjustments of High Incomes and Losses In planning this microdata file it was deemed essential to utilize procedures to guard against the possibility of associating a particular income with an identifiable individual, family or household. To accomplish this the income of individuals in households selected for this microdata file were subjected to a rounding and adjustment procedure as described below. The individual incomes of the members of the households on this file were subjected to two separate operations. Initially, the amounts in wages, self-employment income (farm plus non-farm), investment income, retirement pensions, other money income and total income were rounded to the limits as specified in Table 2. This rounding procedure created certain inconsistencies between the sum of sources of income and total income. These inconsistencies were rectified by applying an adjustment procedure as specified in Table 3. After individual records had been rounded and adjusted, the income variables at the family and household level on this microdata file were derived, i.e. employment income, government transfer payments, investment income, all other money income and total income. The number of records affected by this procedure and its impact on household income are summarized in the following tables. Table 4 provides a distribution of individuals who had one or more sources of income and/or total income outside the limits imposed by confidentiality consideration. Table 5 provides a summary of the changes, at the sample level, created by this rounding/adjustment procedure on the aggregate and average household income, by source. Table 6 provides a distribution of the weighted aggregate household income in 1985, by province, from the main census data base and on the Public Use Microdata File. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Table 2 : High and Low Income Limits ------------------------------------------------------------------------ (1) The following income sources were subject to lower and upper limits for all individuals 15 years and over in the sample on the household microdata file: (a) Wages and salaries (b) Income from self-employment (c) Investment income (d) Retirement pension (e) Other money income (2) The limits were as follows: (a) Females in all areas Lower limit Upper limit and males in the -$30,000 $100,000 Atlantic region (b) Males in all other areas -$50,000 $140,000 (3) Amounts beyond the limits in (2) above were rounded to the limits. (4) In cases where total income was beyond the limit, as a first step, it was rounded to the applicable limit. (5) To ensure consistency between the sum of sources and total income, individual records were then subjected to the adjustment procedure described in Table 3. ----------------------------------------------------------------------- Table 3 : Adjustments Made to Remove Inconsistencies Introduced by Rounding ----------------------------------------------------------------------- After rounding of applicable sources and/or total income as outlined in Table 2, individual sources and total income were subjected to the following adjustment routine in order to ensure consistency between the sum of sources and total income: I Adjustment of Sources (1) If A > 0 and B > 0 and A < B then Sf = (Si)(C/D) (2) If A < 0 and B < 0 and A > B then Sef = Se + A - B (sic) (3) No adjustment in all other cases II Adjustment of Total Income (1) Y = Sum of Sources (after adjustments in I above and including transfer payments) (2) Y = 1 if sum of adjusted sources and transfer payments = 0 A = Total Income after rounding B = Sum of sources after rounding C = A less transfer payments D = B less transfer payments Si = Rounded wages, self-employment, investment, retirement and other money income Sf = Final wages, self-employment, investment, retirement and other money income on PUMF Se = Rounded self-employment income Sef = Final self-employment income on PUMF Y = Final total income on PUMF Household and family incomes were derived by summing the incomes of individuals in the household/family after the adjustments described above. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Table 4 : Distribution (Unweighted Sample) of Individuals with Incomes Outside Positive or Negative Limits (1) in 1985, Household and Housing Public Use Microdata File, 1986 Census ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Source outside limits Sample count % One source 436 74.7 Wages and Salaries 182 31.2 Self-employment income 181 31.0 Investment income 69 11.8 Retirement pensions 2 .3 Other money income 2 .3 Two sources 7 1.2 Wages and investment 5 .9 Self-employment and investment 2 .3 Total income only 140 24.0 Total (2) 584 100.0 ------------------------------------- (1) See Table 2 for limits. (2) There were 584 individuals in 562 households with incomes outside the specified limits. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Table 5 : Number of Households, Their Original and Changed Aggregate and Average Incomes in 1985, By Source, Household and Housing Public Use Microdata File, 1986 Census ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Number, aggregate income EmploymentInvest- Retire- Gov't Total and average income (note 1)(note 2)(note 3) (note 4) income 1. Number of records 115,347 115,347 115,347 115,347 115,347 2. Aggregate income ($'000) a. Original, total 3,111,602 251,486 146,169 435,601 3,944,859 b. Changed (562 -27,662 -9,456 -2,204 0 -39,323 Households) c. Final, total 3,083,941 242,030 143,965 435,601 3,905,537 d. Percentage change -0.9 -3.8 -1.5 0.0 -1.0 -(b/a) 3. Average per household a. Original, total 26,976 2,180 1,267 3,776 34,200 b. Changed (562 -49,220 -16,826 -3,922 0 -70,428 records) c. Overall change -240 -82 -19 0 -343 d. Final, total 26,736 2,098 1,248 3,776 33,859 e. Percentage change -0.9 -3.8 -1.5 0.0 -1.0 (d/a) note 1 - Employment income note 2 - Investment income note 3 - Retirement pensions and other money income note 4 - Government transfer payments ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Table 6 : Distribution (Amount and Percentage) of Aggregate Income of Household in 1985, By Province, 1986 Census and Estimates From the Households and Housing Public Use Microdata File From the 1986 Census ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Dollars % Difference Province Census PUMF Census PUMF PUMF/ (1) (1) Census Newfoundland 4,610.4 4,567.2 1.5 1.5 -0.9 Prince Edward Island 1,155.5 1,143.9 0.4 0.4 -1.0 Nova Scotia 9,068.3 8,857.1 2.9 2.9 -2.4 New Brunswick 6,657.6 6,672.3 2.2 2.2 0.2 Quebec 73,067.7 72,021.8 23.7 23.8 -1.5 Ontario 122,496.3 120,480.2 39.8 39.8 -1.7 Manitoba 11,952.8 11,560.0 3.9 3.8 -3.4 Saskatchewan 11,029.6 10,893.9 3.6 3.6 -1.2 Alberta 30,766.5 30,214.8 10.0 10.0 -1.8 British Columbia 36,414.8 35,703.4 11.8 11.8 -2.0 Yukon/Northwest Territories 845.3 833.6 0.3 0.3 -1.4 Canada 308,064.8 302,948.7 100.0 100.0 -1.7 (1) 1986 Census data base without random rounding. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1 IV 1986 Census reference publications + __________________________________ A variety of publications are available for users requiring more information and are grouped below according to the type of information they contain. (i) Concepts and Methodology 1986 Census Dictionary (Cat. No. 99-101E) + ______________________ The Dictionary defines all major census variables and terms, including the geographic terms, and discusses historical comparability of census data. 1986 Census Handbook (Cat. No. 99-104E) + ____________________ The Handbook provides an overview of the census. Topics covered include include a history of the census, the steps involved in taking a census, and a description of each question asked on the census questionnaire. (ii) Geography In addition to the 1986 census dictionary (cat. no. 99-101E), the user can + ______________________ consult: 1986 census geography: a historical comparison (cat. no. 99-106E) + ______________________________________________ and Census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations: a 1986-81 + ______________________________________________________________ comparison (cat. no. 99-105E). + __________ These publications explain the geographic concepts used in the 1986 and previous censuses, and provide notes on historical comparability. (iii)Data Availability 1986 census products and services - final edition (cat. + _________________________________________________ no. 99-103E). This document provides a complete list of all publications, their content and price. Information regarding data available in machine-readable form is also indicated.