------------------------------------------------------------------------- Census of Canada, 1991 : profile of enumeration areas. Part B {long form} : B9105 : codebook Principal Investigator: Statistics Canada Edited by Data Library Service, University of Toronto Preliminary edition. January 1995 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Statistics Canada Data Documentation for the Profile Series - Part B (Electronic Product) Published by authority of the Minister responsible for Statistics Canada Minister of Industry, Science and Technology, 1993 All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission from Licence Services, Marketing Division, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0T6. July 1993 Reprinted November 1993 Note of Appreciation Canada owes the success of its statistical system to a long-standing cooperation involving Statistics Canada, the population of Canada, its businesses and governments. Accurate and timely statistical information could not be produced without their continued cooperation and goodwill. How to Cite This Document Statistics Canada Data Documentation for the Profile Series - Part B. Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada, 1993. 1991 Census of Canada. Preface This product is part of the "Profiles" series, a collection of electronic products, designed to provide a statistical overview for different types of census geographic areas. There are seven types of areas for which the profiles are produced: census divisions and census subdivisions (CDs and CSDs); census metropolitan areas and cens us agglomerations (CMAs and CAs); census tracts (CTs) for CMAs and selected CAs; federal electoral districts (FEDs); enumeration areas (EAs); urban forward sortation areas (FSAs); and urban and rural areas. Profiles for these seven geographic area types are structured into two parts: Part A, provides basic demographic, mother tongue, dwelling, household, and family data for geographic areas collected from all households, that is on a 100% basis. Part B, provides data collected from a 20% sample of households for the same geographic areas, on characteristics such as home language, ethnic origin, place of birth, education, religion, labour force activity, housing costs, and income. This particular product presents the Electronic Profile Part B Series. I would like to express my appreciation to the millions of Canadians who completed their questionnaire on June 4, 1991, as well as to all those who assisted Statistics Canada in planning and conducting the census. Ivan P. Fellegi Chief Statistician of Canada Table of Contents Introductory Material Introduction 1 Organization of the Electronic Profile Part B Series 1 Content Considerations 1 Symbols 3 Chart 1 4 Legend Description 5 Legend Description - Urban Forward Sortation Areas 14 Reference Material Definitions 27 Data Quality 42 Special Notes 46 Appendix 1: Incompletely Enumerated Indian Reserves and Indian Settlements, 1981 and 1986 Population and Occupied Dwelling Counts Appendix 2: Incompletely Enumerated Indian Reserves and Indian Settlements, Located by Census Division and Federal Electoral District Appendix 3: Incompletely Enumerated Indian Reserves and Indian Settlements, Located by Census Division and Census Metropolitan Area and Census Agglomeration Appendix 4: Suppressed Census Subdivisions Showing Population Counts, 1991, Listed by Province Appendix 5: Suppressed Census Tracts Showing Population Counts, 1991, Listed by CMA and Selected CAs Appendix 6: Suppressed Census Subdivisions Showing Population Counts, 1991, Listed by CMA and Selected CAs Appendix 7: Constituent Census Tracts for Census Subdivisions Appendix 8: Census Tract Numbers in 1991 with Numbers for Corresponding Census Tracts in 1986 Appendix 9: Suppressed Urban Forward Sortation Areas Showing Population Counts, 1991 Census Other Related Products 110 Contacts Regional Reference Centres 114 Depository Libraries 115 Additional References and Services 117 Notes, Footnotes and Abbreviations 119 Introduction The electronic profile Part B series provides a statistical overview for standard geographic areas. It is based on data collected by the 1991 Census of Canada for all households. These profiles show population counts for characteristics such as home language, knowledge of languages, religion, ethnic origin, place of birth, period of immigration, mobility status, fertility, highest level of schooling, labour force activity, occupation, and industry. They also show dwelling counts by need for repair, period of construction, as well as average housing costs for households, and income distributions for individuals, households and families. Organization of the Electronic Profile Part B Series This series consists of seven tables, each displaying data for a specific group of standard geographic areas: (1) Federal electoral districts (FEDs) and enumeration areas (EAs); (2) Census metropolitan areas (CMAs) and census agglomerations (CAs); (3) Census divisions (CDs) and census subdivisions (CSDs); (4) Component census subdivisions for CMAs and selected CAs; (5) Census tracts (CTs) for CMAs and selected CAs; (6) Urban and rural areas; (7) Urban forward sortation areas (FSAs). Within each of these groups, specific geographic areas can be selected from a list. Reference maps showing the different geographic areas are sold separately. In each of the groups of geographic areas, data have been grouped into blocks by universe (i.e. population, dwellings, households, and families). For each universe, data are shown in relation to a number of different characteristics. Forexample, population is shown first by home language, then by knowledge of official languages, next by knowledge of non-official languages, by religion, by ethnic origin, and so on. A user can select one or more of these characteristics. Content Considerations The enumeration area (EA), as the basic geographical unit of census data collection, is the smallest standard geographic area for which census data are normally available. All standard geographic areas are composed of one or more complete enumeration areas. For more information, refer to the Enumeration Area Reference Lists Series, the titles of which are listed in the "Other Related Products" section. Enumeration areas (EAs) never cut across any standard geographic areas recognized by the census. Therefore, the boundaries and codes of EAs change from census to census, reflecting population shifts, changes to census subdivisions and geographic area boundaries and changes to census representative workload criteria. The 1991 Census was taken in accordance with the boundaries of the 295 federal electoral districts (FEDs) identified by the 1987 Representation Order to the Electoral Boundaries Readjustment Act. A federal electoral district (FED) is that area entitled to return a member to serve in the House of Commons. Unlike the 1991 Census, the 1986 Census was taken in accordance with the boundaries of the 282 FEDs identified by the 1976 Representation Order to the Electoral Boundaries Readjustment Act, RSC, 1970. Therefore, the 1991 and 1986 FEDs are not necessarily identical and their codes may be different. Census metropolitan areas (CMAs) and census agglomerations (CAs) are generally defined as large urban cores, with their adjacent urban and rural areas, with which they have a high degree of economic and social integration. In some areas, adjacent CMAs and CAs are themselves socially and economically in tegrated within a larger consolidated CMA or CA. For 1991, 12 CMAs and 2 CAs have been consolidated on this basis. The original CMAs and CAs are known as primary census metropolitan area (PCMA) or primary census agglomeration (PCA) subregions of the CMA or CA. Census division is the general term applying to counties, regional municipalities, regional districts, etc., whereas census subdivision is the general term applying to municipalities (as determined by provincial legislation) or their equivalent, for example, Indian reserves, Indian settlements and unorganized territories. The CDs and CSDs shown in this product have boundaries as determined for the 1991 Census. Data for 1986 based on the 1986 boundaries are shown in the Other Related Products section. Users should be aware that, for some CDs and CSDs, there were boundary changes between 1986 and 1991. Component census subdivisions are census subdivisions (CSDs) which form the building-blocks of a CMA, CA, PCMA, or PCA. They are municipalities (as determined by provincial legislation) or their equivalent (e.g. Indian reserves). Census tracts are permanent small urban neighbourhood- like or rural community-like areas established in CMAs and selected CAs with the help of local specialists interested in urban and social science research. The "Profiles" series includes all of the 25 CMAs and 14 CAs that compose the Census Tract Program for 1991. Users should be aware that census tracts do not necessarily respect the limits of component census subdivisions in each tracted CMA or CA. Appendix 7 lists all CSDs that are components of the census-tracted CMAs and/or CAs shown in this product. They are listed in alphabetical order within the CMA or CA. This appendix also identifies their constituent CTs, in whole or in part. Conversion tables showing changes between the 1986 and 1991 census tracts are displayed in Appendix 8. The general concept of an urban area is that of an area containing a dense concentration of population. All territory lying outside urban areas is considered rural. Taken together, urban and rural areas cover all of Canada. In urban and rural areas, all CMAs in a province are grouped together and shown as a composite, with urban, rural farm and rural non-farm parts. A similar grouping is made for all CAs. Areas outside CMAs and CAs in each province and territory are classified by urban population size, rural farm and rural non-farm groups. The geographic area breakdown used in the profiles for Canada is shown in Chart 1. Forward sortation areas (FSAs) are a set of well-defined and stable areas represented by the first three characters of a postal code. Information in this series is based on the reported postal code. Unlike the other profile series, Part A data is based on the same 20% sample as Part B. On some Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 1991 Census, enumeration was not permitted or was interrupted before it was completed. Moreover, some Indian reserves and Indian settlements were enumerated late or the quality of the population and dwelling counts was not considered adequate. These geographic areas (a total of 78) are called incompletely enumerated Indian reserves and Indian settlements. Profiles are not available for these reserves and settlements. Appendix 1 gives selected characteristics for 1981 and 1986. Appendix 2, which lists the incompletely enumerated Indian reserves and Indian settlements, also shows the CD and FED in which each is located. The issue is discussed in more detail in the "Special Notes" under the heading "Incompletely Enumerated Indian Reserves and Indian Settlements". Profiles are also not shown for the following CSDs, CTs and EAs: (a) CSDs, CTs, and EAs with global non-response rates greater than or equal to 25%; (b) CSDs, CTs, and EAs with a non-institutional population of less than 40 persons. Some CSDs, CTs, and EAs have registered very high non-response rates for questions despite the fact that accurate population and dwelling counts were obtained. A data quality index, T, has been determined to reflect this situation and is expressed by a symbol indicating an interval for T: z: 5% < T < 25%; zz: T > 25%. CSDs, CTs and EAs with T values of 5% or more are indicated by a data quality flag. Those with no data quality flag have a global non-response rate lower than 5%. Profiles are not shown for those with the zz level of non-response. This issue is discussed in more detail in the "Special Notes" section under the heading "Data Quality Index". CSDs, CTs, and EAs with a non-institutional population of less than 40 persons (based on unrounded data) are subject to area suppression as a standard feature to protect the confidentiality of individual responses. This issue is discussed in more detail in the "Special Notes" section under the heading "Confidentiality and Random Rounding". All suppressed CSDs are listed in Appendix 4 with population counts for 1991 when known. Suppressed CSDs which are components of CMAs and selected CAs are listed in Appendix 6. Appendix 5 gives a similar list for CTs. A list of suppressed EAs has been included as a separate file. There are also situations where some characteristics are not shown or not available for specific geographic areas. These include: (c) income data for areas where the non- institutional population was below 250 (see "Special Notes"); (d) immigration and citizenship data for lower geographic levels (census subdivisions, census tracts and enumeration areas) that were reserves and settlements enumerated with the 2D questionnaire (see "Special Notes"); (e) low income statistics for economic families and unattached individuals in the Yukon and the Northwest Territories and on the Indian reserves (see note "Income: Low Income Cut-offs"). In these situations the tables show (0). Symbols The following standard symbols may be found in Census products. .. Figures not available. ... Figures not appropriate or not applicable. - Nil or zero. -- Amount too small to be expressed. XXX Figures suppressed to protect confidentiality. ** The median could not be calculated as it occurred in an open-ended class. * Land area is included in neighbouring census subdivision. H An error exists in the 1991 counts for this census subdivision (CSD). For fur ther information, see the "Special Notes" section. A Adjusted figure due to boundary change. <#0114> Excludes Census data for one or more incompletely enumerated India n reserves or Indian settlements. For further information, see the "Special Not es" section.  Incompletely enumerated Indian reserve or Indian settlement. For furthe r information, see the "Special Notes" section. z Data quality index showing a global non-response rate higher than or equal to 5% and lower than 25%. For further information, see the "Special Notes" section. zz Data quality index showing a global non-response rate higher than or equal t o 25%. Z Data quality index showing a global non-response rate for the housing question s which is higher than or equal to 25%. For further information, see the "Specia l Notes" section. CHART 1 To assist the user, the geographic area breakdown used in the profile of urban and rural areas for Canada, provinces and territories is listed below, showing the population of Canada as an example. Data line Geography Total population 1 Canada 27,296,860 2 Total urban areas 20,906,875 3 Total rural areas 6,389,985 4 Rural farm 807,325 5 Rural non-farm 5,582,655 6 Total within CMAs 16,665,360 7 Urban areas 15,475,727 8 Rural areas 1,189,633 9 Rural farm 89,085 10 Rural non-farm 1,100,550 11 Total within CAs 4,401,854 12 Urban areas 3,517,737 13 Rural areas 884,117 14 Rural farm 59,400 15 Rural non-farm 824,715 16 Total outside CMAs and CAs 6,229,645 17 Urban areas 1,913,410 18 Urban areas, 5,000 or more 708,355 19 Urban areas, 2,500 to 4,999 680,330 20 Urban areas, less than 2,500 524,720 21 Rural areas 4,316,235 22 Rural farm 658,835 23 Rural non-farm 3,657,400 The relationships between the totals and the subtotals in the example above can be expressed using the numbered data lines, as follows: 1 = 2 + 3 1 = 6 + 11 + 16 2 = 7 + 12 + 17 3 = 4 + 5 3 = 8 + 13 + 21 6 = 7 + 8 8 = 9 + 10 11 = 12 + 13 13 = 14 + 15 16 = 17 + 21 17 = 18 + 19 + 20 21 = 22 + 23 Note: For Prince Edward Island, the Yukon, and the Northwest Territories, there are no census metropolitan areas. Legend Description 101 Total population (100% data) 102 Total population (non-institutional) (1) 201 Home language, single responses 202 English, home language 203 French, home language 204 Non-official languages, home language 205 Chinese, home language 206 Italian, home language 207 Portuguese, home language 208 Spanish, home language 209 German, home language 210 Polish, home language 211 Punjabi, home language 212 Greek, home language 213 Vietnamese, home language 214 Arabic, home language 215 Cree, home language 216 Tagalog (Pilipino), home language 217 Ukrainian, home language 218 Persian (Farsi), home language 219 Korean, home language 220 Hungarian, home language 221 Tamil, home language 222 Gujarati, home language 223 Croatian, home language 224 Armenian, home language 225 Inuktitut, home language 226 Hindi, home language 227 Urdu, home language 228 Japanese, home language 229 Russian, home language 230 Creoles, home language 231 Dutch, home language 232 Khmer (Cambodian), home language 233 Ojibway, home language 234 Romanian, home language 235 Other languages, home language 236 Home language, multiple responses 301 English only, knowledge of official language 302 French only, knowledge of official language 303 Both English and French 304 Neither English nor French 401 Italian, knowledge of non-official languages (2) 402 German, knowledge of non-official languages (2) 403 Chinese, knowledge of non-official languages (2) 404 Spanish, knowledge of non-official languages (2) 405 Portuguese, knowledge of non-official languages (2) 406 Ukrainian, knowledge of non-official languages (2) 407 Polish, knowledge of non-official languages (2) 408 Dutch, knowledge of non-official languages (2) 409 Punjabi, knowledge of non-official languages (2) 410 Arabic, knowledge of non-official languages (2) 411 Greek, knowledge of non-official languages (2) 412 Tagalog (Pilipino), knowledge of non-official languages (2) 413 Vietnamese, knowledge of non-official languages (2) 414 Hindi, knowledge of non-official languages (2) 415 Hungarian, knowledge of non-official languages (2) 416 Cree, knowledge of non-official languages (2) 417 Russian, knowledge of non-official languages (2) 418 Gujarati, knowledge of non-official languages (2) 419 Yiddish, knowledge of non-official languages (2) 420 Hebrew, knowledge of non-official languages (2) 421 Urdu, knowledge of non-official languages (2) 422 Creoles, knowledge of non-official languages (2) 423 Persian (Farsi), knowledge of non-official languages (2) 424 Croatian, knowledge of non-official languages (2) 425 Japanese, knowledge of non-official languages (2) 426 Korean, knowledge of non-official languages (2) 427 Tamil, knowledge of non-official languages (2) 428 Finnish, knowledge of non-official languages (2) 429 Armenian, knowledge of non-official languages (2) 430 Romanian, knowledge of non-official languages (2) 501 Religion, Catholic 502 Roman Catholic (3) 503 Ukrainian Catholic 504 Religion, Protestant 505 United Church 506 Anglican 507 Baptist 508 Presbyterian 509 Lutheran 510 Pentecostal 511 Mennonite 512 Jehovah's Witnesses 513 Reformed Bodies 514 Salvation Army 515 Latter-day Saints (Mormons) 516 Other Protestant 517 Other Religions 518 Eastern Orthodox 519 Jewish 520 Islam 521 Buddhist 522 Hindu 523 Sikh 524 Other (other Religions) (4) 525 No religious affiliation 601 Ethnic origin, single origins 602 French origins, ethnic origin (5) 603 British origins, ethnic origin 604 English, single ethnic origin 605 Scottish, single ethnic origin 606 Irish, single ethnic origin 607 Other British, single ethnic origin (6) 608 German, single ethnic origin 609 Canadian, single ethnic origin 610 Italian, single ethnic origin 611 Chinese, single ethnic origin 612 Aboriginal origins, single ethnic origin (7) 613 Ukrainian, single ethnic origin 614 Dutch (Netherlands), single ethnic origin 615 East Indian, n. i. e., single ethnic origin 616 Polish, single ethnic origin 617 Portuguese, single ethnic origin 618 Jewish, single ethnic origin 619 Black origins, single ethnic origin (8) 620 Filipino, single ethnic origin 621 Greek, single ethnic origin 622 Hungarian (Magyar), single ethnic origin 623 Vietnamese, single ethnic origin 624 Spanish, single ethnic origin 625 Lebanese, single ethnic origin 626 Norwegian, single ethnic origin 627 Japanese, single ethnic origin 628 Yugoslav, n. i. e., single ethnic origin 629 Korean, single ethnic origin 630 Swedish, single ethnic origin 631 Croatian, single ethnic origin 632 Danish, single ethnic origin 633 Finnish, single ethnic origin 634 Other single origins, single ethnic origin 635 Ethnic origin, multiple origins (9) 701 Canadian citizenship (10) 702 Citizenship other than Canadian 703 Non-immigrant population (11) 704 Born in province of residence 705 Immigrant population 706 United States of America, place of birth 707 Central and South America, place of birth 708 Caribbean and Bermuda, place of birth 709 United Kingdom, place of birth 710 Other Europe, place of birth (12) 711 Africa, place of birth 712 India, place of birth 713 Other Asia, place of birth (13) 714 Oceania & Other, place of birth (14) 715 Non-permanent residents (15) 801 Total immigrant population 802 Before 1961, period of immigration 803 1961-1970, period of immigration 804 1971-1980, period of immigration 805 1981-1991, period of immigration (16) 806 1981-1987, period of immigration 807 1988-1991, period of immigration (16) 901 0 - 4 years, age at immigration 902 5 - 19 years, age at immigration 903 20 years and over, age at immigration 1001 Total population 1 year and over (17) 1002 Non-movers, one year mobility status 1003 Movers, one year mobility status 1004 Intraprovincial movers, 1 year mobility status 1005 Interprovincial migrants, 1 year mobility status 1006 External migrants, 1 year mobility status 1007 Total population 5 years and over (17) 1008 Non-movers, five year mobility status 1009 Movers, five year mobility status 1010 Non-migrants, 5 year mobility status 1011 Migrants, 5 year mobility status 1012 Internal migrants, 5 year mobility status 1013 Intraprovincial migrants, 5 year mobility status 1014 Interprovincial migrants, 5 year mobility status 1015 External migrants, 5 year mobility status 1101 Ever-married women 15+ years, by children ever born 1102 No child 1103 1 child 1104 2 children 1105 3 children 1106 4 or more children 1107 Children ever-born per 1000 1108 Ever-married women 15 - 44 years 1109 Children ever-born per 1000 1110 Single women 15 years and over 1111 Children ever-born per 1000 1201 Total population 15 - 24 years, by school attendance 1202 Not attending school 1203 Attending school full time 1204 Attending school part time 1301 Total population 15 years and over 1302 Highest level of schooling, less than grade 9 (18) 1303 Grades 9-13 - Without secondary certificate 1304 Grades 9-13 - With secondary certificate 1305 Trades certificate or diploma 1306 Other non-university - Without certificate (19) 1307 Other non-university - With certificate (19) (20) 1308 University - Without degree 1309 University - Without certificate 1310 University - With certificate (20) 1311 University - With degree 1401 Males with postsecondary qualifications (21) 1402 Educational, recreational and counselling services 1403 Fine and applied arts 1404 Humanities and related fields 1405 Social sciences and related fields 1406 Commerce, management and business administration 1407 Agricultural and biological sciences / technologies 1408 Engineering and applied sciences 1409 Engineering and applied science technologies and trades 1410 Health professions, sciences and technologies 1411 Mathematics and physical sciences 1412 No specialization and all other, n.e.c. 1501 Females with postsecondary qualifications (21) 1502 Educational, recreational and counselling services 1503 Fine and applied arts 1504 Humanities and related fields 1505 Social sciences and related fields 1506 Commerce, management and business administration 1507 Agricultural and biological sciences / technologies 1508 Engineering and applied sciences 1509 Engineering and applied science technologies and trades 1510 Health professions, sciences and technologies 1511 Mathematics and physical sciences 1512 No specialization and all other, n.e.c. 1601 Both Sexes - 15 years and over 1602 In labour force, both sexes 15+ 1603 Employed, both sexes 15+ 1604 Unemployed, both sexes 15+ 1605 Not in the labour force, both sexes 15+ 1606 Unemployment rate, both sexes 15+ 1607 Participation rate, both sexes 15+ 1608 Both Sexes - 15-24 years 1609 In labour force, both sexes 15-24 years 1610 Employed, both sexes 15-24 years 1611 Unemployed, both sexes 15-24 years 1612 Not in the labour force, both sexes 15-24 years 1613 Unemployment rate, both sexes 15-24 years 1614 Participation rate, both sexes 15-24 years 1615 Both Sexes - 25 years and over 1616 In labour force, both sexes 25+ 1617 Employed, both sexes 25+ 1618 Unemployed, both sexes 25+ 1619 Not in the labour force, both sexes 25+ 1620 Unemployment rate, both sexes 25+ 1621 Participation rate, both sexes 25+ 1701 Males - 15 years and over 1702 In labour force, males 15+ 1703 Employed, males 15+ 1704 Unemployed, males 15+ 1705 Not in the labour force, males 15+ 1706 Unemployment rate, males 15+ 1707 Participation rate, males 15+ 1708 Males - 15-24 years 1709 In labour force, males 15-24 years 1710 Employed, males 15-24 years 1711 Unemployed, males 15-24 years 1712 Not in the labour force, males 15-24 years 1713 Unemployment rate, males 15-24 years 1714 Participation rate, males 15-24 years 1715 Males - 25 years and over 1716 In labour force, males 25+ 1717 Employed, males 25+ 1718 Unemployed, males 25+ 1719 Not in the labour force, males 25+ 1720 Unemployment rate, males 25+ 1721 Participation rate, males 25+ 1801 Females - 15 years and over 1802 In labour force, females 15+ 1803 Employed, females 15+ 1804 Unemployed, females 15+ 1805 Not in the labour force, females 15+ 1806 Unemployment rate, females 15+ 1807 Participation rate, females 15+ 1808 Females - 15-24 years 1809 In labour force, females 15-24 years 1810 Employed, females 15-24 years 1811 Unemployed, females 15-24 years 1812 Not in the labour force, females 15-24 years 1813 Unemployment rate, females 15-24 years 1814 Participation rate, females 15-24 years 1815 Females - 25 years and over 1816 In labour force, females 25+ 1817 Employed, females 25+ 1818 Unemployed, females 25+ 1819 Not in the labour force, females 25+ 1820 Unemployment rate, females 25+ 1821 Participation rate, females 25+ 1822 Females 15+ with no children at home (22) 1823 In the labour force, no children (22) 1824 Employed, no children (22) 1825 Unemployed, no children (22) 1826 Not in the labour force, no children (22) 1827 Unemployment rate, no children (22) 1828 Participation rate, no children (22) 1829 Females 15+ with children at home (22) 1830 In the labour force, with children (22) 1831 Employed, with children (22) 1832 Unemployed, with children (22) 1833 Not in the labour force, with children (22) 1834 Unemployment rate, with children (22) 1835 Participation rate, with children (22) 1836 With children under 6 years only (22) 1837 In the labour force, with children < 6 years (22) 1838 Employed, with children < 6 years (22) 1839 Unemployed, with children < 6 years (22) 1840 Not in the labour force, with children < 6 years (22) 1841 Unemployment rate, with children < 6 years (22) 1842 Participation rate, with children < 6 years (22) 1843 With children < 6 years and children >=6 years (22) 1844 In the labour force, with children < 6 years and >= 6 years (22) 1845 Employed, with children < 6 years and >= 6 years (22) 1846 Unemployed, with children < 6 years and >= 6 years (22) 1847 Not in the labour force, with children < 6 years and >= 6 years (22) 1848 Unemployment rate, with children < 6 years and >= 6 years (22) 1849 Participation rate, with children < 6 years and >= 6 years (22) 1850 With children 6 years and over only, with children < 6 years and >= 6 years (22) 1851 In the labour force, with children 6+ years (22) 1852 Employed, with children 6+ years (22) 1853 Unemployed, with children 6+ years (22) 1854 Not in the labour force, with children 6+ years (22) 1855 Unemployment rate, with children 6+ years (22) 1856 Participation rate, with children 6+ years (22) 1901 Total labour force 15 years and over 1902 Not applicable (23) 1903 All industries (24) (25) 1904 Agricultural and related service industries 1905 Fishing and trapping industries 1906 Logging and forestry industries 1907 Mining (including milling), quarrying & oil well industries 1908 Manufacturing industries 1909 Construction industries 1910 Transportation and storage industries 1911 Communication and other utility industries 1912 Wholesale trade industries 1913 Retail trade industries 1914 Finance and insurance industries 1915 Real estate operator and insurance agent industries 1916 Business service industries 1917 Government service industries 1918 Educational service industries 1919 Health and social service industries 1920 Accommodation, food and beverage service industries 1921 Other service industries 2001 Males - All occupations (Major groups) (24) (25) 2002 Managerial, administrative and related occupations 2003 Occupations in natural sciences, engineering and mathematics 2004 Occupations in social sciences and related fields 2005 Occupations in religion 2006 Teaching and related occupations 2007 Occupations in medicine and health 2008 Artistic, literary, recreational and related occupations 2009 Clerical and related occupations 2010 Sales occupations 2011 Service occupations 2012 Farming, horticultural and animal husbandry occupations 2013 Fishing, trapping and related occupations 2014 Forestry and logging occupations 2015 Mining & quarrying including oil & gas field occupations 2016 Processing occupations 2017 Machining and related occupations 2018 Product fabricating, assembling & repairing occupations 2019 Construction trades occupations 2020 Transport equipment operating occupations 2021 Material handling and related occupations, n.e.c. 2022 Other crafts and equipment operating occupations 2023 Occupations not elsewhere classified 2101 Females - All occupations (Major groups) (24) (25) 2102 Managerial, administrative and related occupations 2103 Occupations in natural sciences, engineering and mathematics 2104 Occupations in social sciences and related fields 2105 Occupations in religion 2106 Teaching and related occupations 2107 Occupations in medicine and health 2108 Artistic, literary, recreational and related occupations 2109 Clerical and related occupations 2110 Sales occupations 2111 Service occupations 2112 Farming, horticultural and animal husbandry occupations 2113 Fishing, trapping and related occupations 2114 Forestry and logging occupations 2115 Mining & quarrying including oil & gas field occupations 2116 Processing occupations 2117 Machining and related occupations 2118 Product fabricating, assembling & repairing occupations 2119 Construction trades occupations 2120 Transport equipment operating occupations 2121 Material handling and related occupations, n.e.c. 2122 Other crafts and equipment operating occupations 2123 Occupations not elsewhere classified 2201 Males - All classes of worker (25) 2202 Paid-workers, males 2203 Employees, males 2204 Self-employed (incorporated), males 2205 Self-employed (unincorporated), males 2206 Unpaid family workers, males 2301 Females - All classes of worker (25) 2302 Paid-workers, females 2303 Employees, females 2304 Self-employed (incorporated), females 2305 Self-employed (unincorporated), females 2306 Unpaid family workers, females 2401 Males in employed labour force 2402 Usual place of work, males 2403 In census subdivision of residence, males 2404 In different census subdivision, males 2405 In same census division, males 2406 At home, males 2407 Outside Canada, males 2408 No usual place of work, males 2501 Females in employed labour force 2502 Usual place of work, females 2503 In census subdivision of residence, females 2504 In different census subdivision, females 2505 In same census division, females 2506 At home, females 2507 Outside Canada, females 2508 No usual place of work, females 2601 Total number of occupied private dwellings 2602 Average number of rooms per dwelling 2603 Average number of bedrooms per dwelling 2604 Average value of dwelling (26) $ 2605 Regular maintenance only 2606 Minor repairs 2607 Major repairs 2608 Before 1946, period of construction 2609 1946 - 1960, period of construction 2610 1961 - 1970, period of construction 2611 1971 - 1980, period of construction 2612 1981 - 1985, period of construction 2613 1986 - 1991, period of construction (27) 2701 Total number of private households 2702 Average number of persons per room 2703 Tenant one-family households without additional persons (29) 2704 Average gross rent (28) $ 2705 Gross rent >= 30% of household income (29) 2706 Owner one-family households without additional persons (30) 2707 Average major payments for owners (26) $ 2708 Owner's major payments >= 30% of household income (30) 2801 Total number of census families in private households (31) 2802 Number of now-married and common-law couple families (32) 2803 No member in the labour force 2804 Some members in the labour force 2805 One member only 2806 Two or more members 2807 Now-married or common-law couples in labour force 2808 Number of lone-parent families 2809 No member in the labour force 2810 Some members in the labour force 2811 Parent in labour force 2901 Males - Worked full year, full time (33) 2902 Average employment income $ 2903 Standard error of average employment income $ 2904 Males - Worked part year or part time (34) 2905 Average employment income $ 2906 Standard error of average employment income $ 3001 Females - Worked full year, full time (33) 3002 Average employment income $ 3003 Standard error of average employment income $ 3004 Females - Worked part year or part time (34) 3005 Average employment income $ 3006 Standard error of average employment income $ 3101 Composition of total income, total (35) % 3102 Employment income % 3103 Government transfer payments % 3104 Other income % 3201 Males 15 years and over with income Applies to Enumeration Areas Only 3202 Under $1,000, males 15+ (36) Males 15 years and over with income 3203 $ 1,000 - $ 2,999, males 15+ Under $7,500 3204 $ 3,000 - $ 4,999, males 15+ $ 7,500 - $14,999 3205 $ 5,000 - $ 6,999, males 15+ $15,000 - $29,999 3206 $ 7,000 - $ 9,999, males 15+ $30,000 and over 3207 $10,000 - $14,999, males 15+ Average income (37) $ 3208 $15,000 - $19,999, males 15+ Median income (37) $ 3209 $20,000 - $24,999, males 15+ Standard error of average income $ 3210 $25,000 - $29,999, males 15+ 3211 $30,000 - $39,999, males 15+ 3212 $40,000 - $49,999, males 15+ 3213 $50,000 and over, males 15+ 3214 Average income, males 15+ (37) $ 3215 Median income, males 15+ (37) $ 3216 Standard error of average income, males 15+ $ 3301 Females 15 years and over with income Females 15 years and over with income 3302 Under $1,000, females 15+ (36) Under $7,500 3303 $ 1,000 - $ 2,999, females 15+ $ 7,500 - $14,999 3304 $ 3,000 - $ 4,999, females 15+ $15,000 - $29,999 3305 $ 5,000 - $ 6,999, females 15+ $30,000 and over 3306 $ 7,000 - $ 9,999, females 15+ Average income (37) $ 3307 $10,000 - $14,999, females 15+ Median income (37) $ 3308 $15,000 - $19,999, females 15+ Standard error of average income $ 3309 $20,000 - $24,999, females 15+ 3310 $25,000 - $29,999, females 15+ 3311 $30,000 - $39,999, females 15+ 3312 $40,000 - $49,999, females 15+ 3313 $50,000 and over, females 15+ 3314 Average income, females 15+ (37) $ 3315 Median income, females 15+ (37) $ 3316 Standard error of average income, females 15+ $ 3401 Family income - All census families Family income - All census families 3402 Under $10,000, family income Under $20,000 3403 $10,000 - $19,999, family income $20,000 - $34,999 3404 $20,000 - $29,999, family income $35,000 - $49,999 3405 $30,000 - $39,999, family income $50,000 and over 3406 $40,000 - $49,999, family income Average income $ 3407 $50,000 - $59,999, family income Median income $ 3408 $60,000 - $69,999, family income Standard error of average income $ 3409 $70,000 and over, family income 3410 Average income, family income $ 3411 Median income, family income $ 3412 Standard error of average income, family income $ 3501 All economic families (38) 3502 Low income economic families (38) 3503 Incidence of low income (38) (39) % 3601 All unattached individuals (38) 3602 Low income unattached individuals (38) 3603 Incidence of low income (38) (39) % 3701 Total population in private households (38) 3702 Persons in low income family units (38) 3703 Incidence of low income (38) (39) % 3801 Household income - All private households Household income - All private households 3802 Under $10,000, household income Under $20,000 3803 $10,000 - $14,999, household income $20,000 - $34,999 3804 $15,000 - $19,999, household income $35,000 - $49,999 3805 $20,000 - $29,999, household income $50,000 and over 3806 $30,000 - $39,999, household income Average income $ 3807 $40,000 - $49,999, household income Median income $ 3808 $50,000 - $59,999, household income Standard error of average income $ 3809 $60,000 - $69,999, household income 3810 $70,000 and over, household income 3811 Average income, household income $ 3812 Median income, household income $ 3813 Standard error of average income, household income $ Definitions The definitions of geographic terms and census concepts are presented here in su mmary form only. Users should refer to the 1991 Census Dictionary (Catalogue No . 92- 301E) for the full definitions and additional remarks related to these concepts and definitions. Age Refers to the age at last birthday (as of the census reference date, June 4, 1991). This variable is derived from the date of birth question which asks day, month and year of birth. Persons who were unable to give the exact date of birth were asked to give the best possible estimate. Age at Immigration Refers to the age at which the respondent first obtained landed immigrant status. A landed immigrant is a person who is not a Canadian citizen by birth, but who has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by Canadian immigration authorities. Bedrooms Refers to all rooms designed and furnished as bedrooms and used mainly for sleeping purposes, even though the use may be occasional (i.e. spare bedroom). Census Agglomeration (CA) The general concept of a census agglomeration (CA) is one of a large urban area, together with adjacent urban and rural areas which have a high degree of economic and social integration with that urban area. A CA is delineated around an urban area (called the urbanized core and having a population of at least 10,000, based on the previous census). Once a CA attains an urbanized core population of at least 100,000, based on the previous census, it becomes a census metropolitan area (CMA). Census Division (CD) Refers to the general term applying to geographic areas established by provincial law, which are intermediate geographic areas between the census subdivision and the province (e.g., divisions, counties, regional districts, regional municipalities and seven other types of geographic areas made up of groups of census subdivisions). In Newfoundland, Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, provincial law does not provide for these administrative geographic areas. Therefore, census divisions have been created by Statistics Canada in co-operation with these provinces. Census Family Refers to a now-married couple (with or without never- married sons and/or daughters of either or both spouses), a couple living common-law (again with or without never- married sons and/or daughters of either or both partners), or a lone parent of any marital status, with at least one never-married son or daughter living in the same dwelling. Census Farm Refers to a farm, ranch or other agricultural holding which produces at least one of the following products intended for sale: crops, livestock, poultry, animal products, greenhouse or nursery products, mushrooms, sod, honey, or maple syrup products. Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) The general concept of a census metropolitan area (CMA) is one of a very large urban area, together with adjacent urban and rural areas which have a high degree of economic and social integration with that urban area. A CMA is delineated around an urban area (called the urbanized core and having a population of at least 100,000, based on the previous census). Once an area becomes a CMA, it is retained in the program even if its population subsequently declines. Smaller urban areas, centred on urbanized cores of a population of at least 10,000, are included in the census agglomeration (CA) program. Census Subdivision (CSD) Refers to the general term applying to municipalities (as determined by provincial legislation) or their equivalent, e.g., Indian reserves, Indian settlements and unorganized territories. In Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and British Columbia, the term also describes geographic areas that have been created by Statistics Canada in co-operation with the provinces as equivalents for municipalities. Census Subdivision Type The type indicates the municipal status of a census subdivision. Census subdivisions (CSDs) are classified into various types, according to official designations adopted by provincial or federal authorities. The following list indicates the abbreviations used for CSD types: BOR Borough C City - CitÊ CM County (municipality) COM Community CT Canton (municipalitÊ de) CU Cantons unis (municipalitÊ de) DM District municipality HAM Hamlet ID Improvement district IGD Indian government district LGD Local government district LOT Township and royalty MD Municipal district NH Northern hamlet NV Northern village P Paroisse (municipalitÊ de) PAR Parish R Indian reserve - RÊserve indienne RM Rural municipality RV Resort village SA Special area SCM Subdivision of county municipality SD Sans dÊsignation (municipalitÊ) S-E Indian settlement - Åtablissement indien SET Settlement SRD Subdivision of regional district SUN Subdivision of unorganized SV Summer village T Town TP Township TR Terres rÊservÊes UNO Unorganized - Non organisÊ V Ville VC Village cri VK Village naskapi VL Village VN Village nordique Census Tract (CT) The general concept of a census tract (CT) is that of a permanent, small urban neighbourhood-like or rural community-like area established in large urban-centred regions with the help of local specialists interested in urban and social science research. Census tracts are delineated jointly by a local committee and Statistics Canada according to the following criteria: (1) Wherever possible, census tract boundaries must follow permanent and easily recognizable physical features. (2) The population of a census tract must be between 2,500 and 8,000, with a preferred average of 4,000 persons, except for those census tracts in central business districts, in other major commercial and industrial zones, or in peripheral rural or urban areas that may have either a lower or higher population. (3) When first delineated, or subsequently subdivided, census tracts must be as homogeneous as possible in terms of the economic status and social living conditions of their populations. (4) Their shape must be as compact as possible. All census metropolitan areas (CMAs) and census agglomerations (CAs) in Canada containing a census subdivision (CSD), i.e. municipality, having a population of 50,000 or more at the previous census, are eligible for a census tract program. Once a census metropolitan area or census agglomeration is added to the program, it is retained even if the population subsequently decreases below 50,000. CSDs already within a tracted CMA do not qualify for a separate CT program when they reach a population of 50,000. Citizenship Refers to the legal citizenship status of the respondent. Persons who are citizens of more than one country were instructed to indicate this fact. Class of Worker This variable classifies persons who reported a job into those who (i) worked mainly for someone else for wages, salaries, commissions or payments "in kind", (ii) worked without pay in a family farm, business or professional practice owned or operated by a related household member, (iii) worked mainly for themselves, with or without paid help. The job reported was the one held in the week prior to enumeration if the person was employed, or the job of longest duration since January 1, 1990, if the person was not employed during the reference week. Persons with two or more jobs in the reference week were to provide information for the job at which they worked the most hours. Note: Self-employed persons in incorporated companies in 1971 and 1981 Census publications are normally included in the paid worker category to permit comparisons with surveys of establishments and the System of National Accounts. In 1991 and 1986 Census publications, where space permits, self-employed persons whose farms or businesses were incorporated are shown separately. CMA/CA Part Code This field identifies EAs within CMAs and CAs as belonging to a CMA/CA part. The concept of CMA/CA parts distinguishes between central and peripheral urban and rural areas within a census metropolitan area (CMA) or a census agglomeration (CA). There are three CMA/CA parts: urbanized core, urban fringe and rural fringe. Urbanized core: A large urban area around which a CMA or a CA is delineated. The urbanized core must have a population (based on the previous census) of at least 100,000 in the case of a CMA, or between 10,000 and 99,999 in the case of a CA. Urban fringe: An urban area within a CMA or CA, but outside the urbanized core. Rural fringe: All territory within a CMA or CA lying outside urban areas. Code assignment is as follows: 1 Urbanized core 2 Urban fringe A blank cell represents a rural fringe or does not belong to a CMA or CA. CMA/CA Type Code This field identifies the type of CMA or CA to which a given EA belongs, as follows: Code Description A Consolidated CMA* B Regular CMA* C Consolidated CA D Regular CA * See Definition for CMA. Census Tract/Provincial Census Tract (CT/PCT) Name This field provides the official name (i.e. number) assigned by the census for each census tract and provincial census tract. CTs and PCTs are defined in the following section. Generally, census tracts are assigned a three-digit number in ascending sequence within a CMA or CA. Where a census tract is split into two or more parts, the three-digit number is followed by a decimal point and a further two digits identifying the splits, e.g., 309.01 309.02. Provincial census tracts are assigned a four-digit number in ascending sequence within a province. Where a PCT is split into two or more parts, the four-digit number is followed by a decimal point and a further two digits identifying the splits. Gaps exist in the numbering. Initially PCTs included CTs; however, the decision was made to restrict PCTs to those areas not included in the Census Tract Program. Furthermore, PCTs are retired as the census tract coverage area is expanded. Provincial Province Province census tract code name 0001.00 to 0101.04 Newfoundland 10 0200 to 0220 Prince Edward Island 11 0300 to 0451 Nova Scotia 12 0718.01 to 0826 New Brunswick 13 1000 to 2239 Quebec 24 3000 to 4480 Ontario 35 5000 to 5194 Manitoba 46 6000 to 6203 Saskatchewan 47 7000.01 to 7315 Alberta 48 8000 to 8403 British Columbia 59 9000 to 9003 Yukon Territory 60 9100 to 9105 Northwest Territories 61 Not all PCTs in each range are currently used. The terms CT/PCT name and CT/PCT code are not synonymous. The former is the numerical name used to identify CT/PCTs on maps and in data products whereas the code is a four- digit non-geographic numeric identifier used to access a CT/PCT on census digital databases. CMA/CA Component Refers to the census subdivisions (CSDs) which form the building-blocks of a census metropolitan area (CMA), census agglomeration (CA), primary census metropolitan area (PCMA) or primary census agglomeration (PCA). Condition of Dwelling Refers to whether, in the judgement of the respondent, the dwelling requires any repairs (excluding desirable remodelling or additions). Regular maintenance refers to painting, furnace cleaning, etc. Minor repairs refer to missing or loose floor tiles, bricks or shingles, defective steps, railing or siding, etc. Major repairs refer to defective plumbing or electrical wiring, structural repairs to walls, floors or ceilings, etc. Economic Family Refers to a group of two or more persons who live in the same dwelling and are related to each other by blood, marriage, common-law or adoption. Employed Refers to persons who, during the week prior to June 4, 1991: (a) did any work at all excluding housework or other maintenance or repairs around the home and volunteer work; or (b) were absent from their job or business because of own temporary illness or disability, vacation, labour dispute at their place of work, or were absent for other reasons. Data are available for persons 15 years of age and over, excluding institutional residents. Enumeration Area (EA) An enumeration area (EA) is the geographic area canvassed by one census representative. Ethnic origin Refers to the ethnic or cultural group(s) to which the respondent's ancestors belong. Ethnic or cultural origin refers to the ethnic "roots" or ancestral background of the population, and should not be confused with citizenship or nationality. It should be noted that, prior to the 1981 Census, only the respondent's paternal ancestry was to be reported. If multiple ethnic origins were reported, only one origin was captured, resulting in one ethnic origin per respondent. In 1981, this restriction was removed, allowing for multiple ethnic origins. One write-in was provided on the 1981 questionnaire, in addition to the mark-in boxes. The 1986 Census questionnaire allowed respondents to write in three ethnic origins not included in the mark-in boxes. In 1991, respondents could write in up to two ethnic origins not included in the mark-in circles. The 1991 question was changed slightly from that asked in the 1986 Census. In 1991, respondents were asked "To which ethnic or cultural group(s) did this person's ancestors belong?" The 1986 Census question asked "To which ethnic or cultural group(s) do you or did your ancestors belong?" In 1991, the ordering of the mark-ins was altered to more accurately reflect the changing relative size of ethnic groups based on single responses in the 1986 Census. Experienced Labour Force Refers to persons who, during the week prior to June 4, 1991, were employed or unemployed but who had worked since January 1, 1990. The experienced labour force can be derived by deleting from the total labour force those unemployed persons 15 years of age and over who have never worked or who worked only prior to January 1, 1990. Federal Electoral District (FED) A federal electoral district refers to any place or territorial area entitled to return a member to serve in the House of Commons (source: Canada Elections Act, 1990). There are 295 FEDs in Canada according to the 1987 Representation Order. Federal electoral districts are defined according to the following criteria: (1) the legal limits and descriptions are the responsibility of the Chief Electoral Officer and are published in the Canada Gazette; (2) FED limits are usually revised every 10 years after the results of the decennial census. Fertility Refers to the number of children ever born alive to women aged 15 years and over. Forward Sortation Areas (FSAs) Forward sortation areas (FSAs) are a set of well-defined and stable areas represented by the first three characters of a postal code. Information in this series is based on the reported postal code. Full-time or Part-time Weeks Worked in 1990 Refers to persons who worked in 1990. These persons were asked to report whether the weeks they worked in 1990 were full weeks (30 hours or more per week) of work or not. Persons with a part-time job for part of the year and a full-time job for another part of the year were to report the information for the job at which they worked the most weeks. Data are available for persons 15 years of age and over who worked in 1990, excluding institutional residents. Gross Rent Refers to the total average monthly payments paid by tenant households to secure shelter. Highest Level of Schooling Refers to the highest grade or year of elementary or secondary school attended, or the highest year of university or other non-university completed. University education is considered to be above other non- university. Also, the attainment of a degree, certificate or diploma is considered to be at a higher level than years completed or attended without an educational qualification. Home Language Refers to the language spoken most often at home by the individual at the time of the census. Immigrant Population Refers to persons who are, or have been, landed immigrants in Canada. A landed immigrant is a person who is not a Canadian citizen by birth, but who has been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by Canadian immigration authorities. For further information on the immigrant population, see Figures 6A and 6B in the 1991 Census Dictionary (Catalogue No. 92- 301E). Income: Average, Median and Standard Error Average Income Average income refers to the weighted mean total income of a group of income units (individuals, families or households) and is calculated from unrounded data by dividing the aggregate income of the group (e.g., males, 45-54 years of age, female lone-parent families, one-person households) by the number of units in that group. In the case of individuals, average income is calculated only for individuals with income (positive or negative). In all other cases, both with and without income units are included in the calculation. This concept and procedure applies to total income, employment income, wages and salaries and any other component of income. Median Income The median income of a specified group of income units is that amount which divides their income size distribution into two halves, i.e. the incomes of the first half of the income units are below the median, while those of the second half are above the median. In the case of individuals, median income is calculated only for individuals with income (positive or negative). In all other cases, both with and without income units are included in the calculation. This concept and procedure applies to total income, employment income, wages and salaries and any other component of income. Standard Error of Average Income Refers to the estimated standard error of average income. It is an estimate of the error introduced into these data due to the fact that they are collected only from a one in five random sample of households. When using these figures, the user can be reasonably certain that the true value of the average income (i.e. the value that would have been obtained had sampling not been used) lies within plus or minus twice the standard error and virtually certain that it lies within plus or minus three times the standard error. These estimates of standard error do not include the effects of certain types of response error or systematic or coverage errors. Income: Census Family Total Income The total income of a census family is the sum of the total incomes of all members of that family. Similarly, the income of a family from a particular source or sources is the sum of incomes of all family members from that source or sources. Income: Composition of Income The composition of the total income of a population group or a geographic area refers to the relative share of each income source or group of sources, expressed as a percentage of the aggregate income of that group or area. For the profile series three groups of sources are used; employment income, which includes wages and salaries and income from farm and non-farm self employment; government transfer payments which includes all transfers or payments received from any level of government and covered as a separate income source; other income which includes investment income, retirement pensions and other money income. See "Sources of Income" for each income source description. Income: Employment Income Refers to total income received by persons 15 years of age and over during 1990 as wages and salaries, net income from unincorporated non-farm business and/or professional practice and net farm self-employment income. Income: Household Total Income The total income of a household is the sum of the total incomes of all members of that household. Income: Incidence of Low Income The incidence of low income is the proportion or percentage of economic families or unattached individuals in a given classification below the low income cut-offs. These incidence rates are calculated from unrounded estimates of economic families and unattached individuals 15 years of age and over. Since all members of an economic family share a common status, incidence of low income is also calculated for the population in private households. Income: Income Status Refers to the position of an economic family or an unattached individual 15 years of age and over in relation to Statistics Canada's low income cut-offs (LICOs). Income: Low Income Cut-offs (LICOs) Measures of low income known as low income cut-offs (LICOs) were first introduced in Canada in 1968 based on 1961 Census income data and 1959 family expenditure patterns. At that time, expenditure patterns indicated that Canadian families spent about 50% of their income on food, shelter and clothing. It was arbitrarily estimated that families spending 70% or more of their income on these basic necessities would be in "straitened" circumstances. With this assumption, low income cut-off points were set for five different sizes of families. Subsequent to these initial cut-offs, revised low income cut-offs were established based on national family expenditure data from 1969, 1978 and 1986. These data indicated that Canadian families spent, on average, 42% in 1969, 38.5% in 1978 and 36.2% in 1986 of their income on basic necessities. By adding the original difference of 20 percentage points to the basic level of expenditure on necessities, new low income cut-offs were set at income levels differentiated by family size and degree of urbanization. Since then, these cut-offs have been updated yearly by changes in the consumer price index. For the purposes of low income statistics, economic families and unattached individuals in the Yukon and the Northwest Territories and on the Indian reserves are excluded. The low income cut-offs were based on certain expenditure-income patterns which were not available from survey data for the entire population. The census and the Survey of Comsumer Finances differ slightly when applying the "Size of Area" classification to derive incidence of low income. Census takes into account the density of population to designate an enumeration area as urban and the total population of contiguous urban EAs determines the size of area. The survey takes complete CMAs or CAs and classifies these into size of area by total population within the CMA/CA boundaries. The overall impact of this differ ence is negligible. Based on the 1986 revised cut-offs and adjusted for the changes in the Consumer Price Index, the following is the 1990 matrix of low income cut-offs: ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Low Income Cut-offs for Economic Families and Unattached Individuals, 1990 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Size of area of residence ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Family size 500,000 100,000 30,000 Small Rural areas or more to to urban (farm and 499,999 99,999 areas non-farm) 1 14,155 12,433 12,146 11,072 9,637 2 19,187 16,854 16,464 15,008 13,064 3 24,389 21,421 20,926 19,076 16,605 4 28,081 24,662 24,094 21,964 19,117 5 30,680 26,946 26,324 23,997 20,887 6 33,303 29,248 28,573 26,047 22,672 7 or more 35,818 31,460 30,734 28,017 24,385 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Income: Sources of Income All persons 15 years of age or over were asked to report their total money income from the following sources during the calendar year 1990: (a) Wages and Salaries Refers to gross wages and salaries before deductions for such items as income tax, pensions, unemployment insurance, etc. Included in this source are military pay and allowances, tips, commissions and cash bonuses, as well as all types of casual earnings in the 1990 calendar year. The value of taxable allowances and benefits provided by employers, such as free lodging and free automobile use, is excluded. (b) Net Income from Unincorporated Non-farm Business and/or Professional Practice Refers to net income (gross receipts minus expenses of operation such as wages, rents and depreciation) received during calendar year 1990 from the respondent's non-farm unincorporated business or professional practice. In the case of a partnership, only the respondent's share was to be reported. Also included is net income from persons baby-sitting in their own homes, operators of direct distributorships such as those selling and delivering cosmetics, as well as from free-lance activities of artists, writers, music teachers, hairdressers, dressmakers, etc. (c) Net Farm Self-employment Income Refers to net income (gross receipts from farm sales minus depreciation and cost of operation) received during calendar year 1990 from the operation of a farm, either on own account or in partnership. In the case of partnerships, only the respondent's share of income was to be reported. Also included are advance, supplementary or assistance payments to farmers by federal or provincial governments. However, the value of income "in kind", such as agricultural products produced and consumed on the farm, is excluded. (d) Old Age Security Pension and Guaranteed Income Supplement Refers to Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplements paid to persons 65 years of age and over, and Spouses' Allowances paid to 60- to 64-year-old spouses of Old Age Security recipients by the federal government only during the calendar year 1990. Also included are Extended Spouses' Allowances paid to 60- to 64-year-old widows/widowers. (e) Benefits from Canada or Quebec Pension Plan Refers to benefits received in calendar year 1990 under the Canada or Quebec Pension Plan, e.g., retirement pensions, survivors' benefits and disability pensions. Does not include lump-sum death benefits. (f) Family Allowances Refers to total allowances paid in calendar year 1990 by the federal and provincial governments in respect of dependent children under 18 years of age. For Quebec residents, "Allowance for children less than 6 years of age" and "Allowance for newborn children" are included. These allowances, though not collected directly from respondents, were calculated and included in the income of one of the parents. (g) Federal Child Tax Credits Refers to federal Child Tax Credits paid in calendar year 1990 by the federal government in respect of dependent children under 18 years of age. These credits, though not collected directly from respondents, were calculated and included in the income of one of the parents. (h) Benefits from Unemployment Insurance Refers to total Unemployment Insurance benefits received in calendar year 1990, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for sickness, maternity, fishing, work sharing, retraining and retirement received under the Federal Unemployment Insurance Program. (i) Other Income from Government Sources Refers to all transfer payments, excluding those covered as a separate income source (Family Allowances, federal Child Tax Credits, Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplements, Canada or Quebec Pension Plan benefits and Unemployment Insurance benefits) received from federal, provincial or municipal programs in calendar year 1990. This source includes social assistance payments received by persons in need, such as mothers with dependent children, persons temporarily or permanently unable to work, elderly individuals, the blind and the disabled. Included are provincial income supplement payments to seniors to supplement the Old Age Security pension and Guaranteed Income Supplement and provincial payments to seniors to help offset accommodation costs. Also included are other transfer payments such as benefits under the Canadian Jobs Strategy, veterans' pensions, war veterans' allowance, pensions to widows and dependants of veterans and workers' compensation. Additionally, any amounts received in 1990 for refundable Provincial Tax Credits, Federal Sales Tax Credits and the federal Goods and Services Tax Credits are included. (j) Dividends and Interest on Bonds, Deposits and Savings Certificates and Other Investment Income Refers to interest received in calendar year 1990 from deposits in banks, trust companies, co-operatives, credit unions, caisses populaires, etc., as well as interest on savings certificates, bonds and debentures and all dividends from both Canadian and foreign stocks. Also included is other investment income from either Canadian or foreign sources such as net rents from real estate, mortgage and loan interest received, regular income from an estate or trust fund, and interest from insurance policies. (k) Retirement Pensions, Superannuation and Annuities Refers to all regular income received during calendar year 1990 as the result of having been a member of a pension plan of one or more employers. It includes payments received from all annuities, including payments from a matured Registered Retirement Savings Plan (RRSP) in the form of a life annuity, a fixed term annuity, a registered retirement income fund or an income-averaging annuity contract; pensions paid to widows or other relatives of deceased pensioners; pensions of retired civil servants, Armed Forces personnel and Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) officers; annuity payments received from the Canadian Government Annuities Fund, an insurance company, etc. Does not include lump-sum death benefits, lump-sum benefits or withdrawals from a pension plan or RRSP or refunds of over contributions. (l) Other Money Income Refers to regular cash income received during calendar year 1990 and not reported in any of the other nine sources listed on the questionnaire, e.g., alimony, child support, periodic support from other persons not in the household, net income from roomers and boarders, income from abroad (except dividends and interest), non- refundable scholarships and bursaries, severance pay, royalties and strike pay. Receipts Not Counted as Income Gambling gains and losses, money inherited during the year in a lump sum, capital gains or losses, receipts from the sale of property or personal belongings, income tax refunds, loans received, loans repaid to an individual as the lender, lump-sum settlements of insurance policies, rebates of property taxes and other taxes, and refunds of pension contributions were excluded as was all income "in kind" such as free meals, living accommodations, or agricultural products produced and consumed on the farm. Total Income "Total income" refers to the sum of amounts received during 1990 by an income recipient from the sources of income listed above. Income: Total Income Refers to the total money income received from the following sources during the calendar year 1990 by persons 15 years of age and over: Total wages and salaries Net income from unincorporated non-farm business and/or professional practice Net farm self-employment income Family Allowances Federal Child Tax Credits Old Age Security pension and Guaranteed Income Supplement Benefits from Canada or Quebec Pension Plan Benefits from Unemployment Insurance Other income from government sources Dividends and interest on bonds, deposits, savings certificates and other investment income Retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities Other money income Industry (Based on 1980 Standard Industrial Classification) Refers to the general nature of the business carried out in the establishment where the person worked, as indicated by the name of the employer and the kind of business, industry or service. Data are available for persons 15 years of age and over, excluding institutional residents. If the person was not employed in the week prior to enumeration, the information relates to the job of longest duration since January 1, 1990. Persons with two or more jobs were to report the information for the job at which they worked the most hours. Census industry data based on the 1980 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) have three levels of aggregation. There are 18 divisions (labelled A to R) which are subdivided into 75 major groups, which are, in turn, subdivided into 296 unit groups. Direct comparisons can be made between 1991 and 1986 Census industry data based on the 1980 SIC. Direct comparisons of 1991 and 1986 data with industry data from the 1981 and 1971 Censuses are possible, based on the 1970 SIC. For further information, refer to the definition of Labour: Industry (Based on 1970 Standard Industrial Classification) in the 1991 Census Dictionary (Catalogue No. 92-301E). Inexperienced Labour Force The inexperienced labour force consists of unemployed persons 15 years of age and over who have never worked or who worked only prior to January 1, 1990. Institutional Resident Refers to a resident of an "institutional" collective dwelling, other than staff members and their families. "Institutional" collective dwellings are children's group homes and orphanages, nursing homes, chronic care hospitals, residences for senior citizens, hospitals, psychiatric institutions, treatment centres and institutions for the physically handicapped, correctional and penal institutions, young offenders' facilities and jails. Knowledge of Non-official Languages Refers to the language or languages, other than English or French, in which the respondent can conduct a conversation. The non-official language data are based on the respondent assessment of his or her ability to speak non- official languages. Knowledge of Official Languages Refers to the ability to conduct a conversation in English only, in French only, in both English and French or in none of the official languages of Canada. The official language data are based on respondent assessment of his or her ability to speak the two official languages. Labour Force Activity Refers to the labour market activity of the working age population who, in the week prior to June 4, 1991, were employed or unemployed. The remainder of the working age population is classified as not in labour force. Data are available for persons 15 years of age and over, excluding institutional residents. Landed Immigrant Status Refers to persons who are not Canadian citizens by birth, but who have been granted to right to live in Canada permanently by Canadian immigration authorities. The landed immigrant status question, in conjunction with the citizenship question, permits Census data users to identify the non-immigrant population, the immigrant population and non-permanent residents. For more information on these populations, refer to Figures 6A and 6B in the 1991 Census Dictionary (Catalogue No. 92-301E). Marital Status (Legal) Refers to the conjugal status of a person. Legally married (and not separated) Persons whose husband or wife is living, unless the couple is separated or a divorce has been obtained. Legally married and separated Persons who have been deserted or who have parted because they no longer want to live together, but have not obtained a divorce. Divorced Persons who have obtained a legal divorce and who have not remarried. Widowed Persons who have lost their spouse through death and who have not remarried. Never married (single) Persons who have never married (including all persons less than 15 years of age) and persons whose marriage has been annulled and who have not remarried. Mobility Status - Place of Residence 1 Year Ago Refers to the relationship between a person's usual place of residence on Census Day and his or her usual place of residence one year earlier. A person is classified as a non-mover if no difference exists; otherwise, a person is classed as a mover and this categorization is called Mobility Status (1 Year Ago). Within the category movers, a further distinction is made between intraprovincial movers, interprovincial migrants and external migrants. Non-movers are persons who, on Census Day, were living at the same address which they occupied one year earlier. Movers are persons who, on Census Day, were living at a different address than the one at which they resided one year earlier. Intraprovincial movers are movers who, on Census Day, were living at a different address but in the same province/territory that they occupied one year earlier. Interprovincial migrants are movers who, on Census Day, were living in a different province/territory one year earlier. External migrants are movers who, on Census Day, were living outside Canada one year earlier. Mobility Status - Place of Residence 5 Years Ago Refers to the relationship between a person's usual place of residence on Census Day and his or her usual place of residence five years earlier. A person is classified as a non-mover if no difference exists; otherwise, a person is classed as a mover and this categorization is called Mobility Status (5 Years Ago). Within the category movers, a further distinction is made between non- migrants and migrants; this difference is called migration status. Non-movers are persons who, on Census Day, were living at the same address which they occupied five years earlier. Movers are persons who, on Census Day, were living at a different address than the one at which they resided five years earlier. Non-migrants are movers who, on Census Day, were living at a different address but in the same census subdivision (CSD) that they occupied five years earlier. Migrants are movers who, on Census Day, were residing in a different CSD five years earlier (internal migrants) or who were living outside Canada five years earlier (external migrants). Internal migrants are further divided into two categories: intraprovincial migrants, who moved to a different CSD within the same province, and interprovincial migrants, who moved to another province. External migrants are movers who, on Census Day, were living outside Canada five years earlier. Non-immigrant Population Refers to persons who are Canadian citizens by birth. For further information on the non-immigrant population, see Figures 6A and 6B in the 1991 Census Dictionary (Catalogue No. 92-301E). Non-permanent Residents Refers to persons who hold a student authorization, employment authorization, Minister's permit or who are refugee claimants. For further information on this population, refer to the "Special Notes" section and to Figures 6A and 6B in the 1991 Census Dictionary (Catalogue No. 92-301E). Not in the Labour Force Refers to those persons who, in the week prior to enumeration, were unwilling or unable to offer or supply their labour services under conditions existing in the labour market. It includes persons who looked for work during the last four weeks but who were not available to start work in the reference week, as well as persons who did not work, did not have a new job to start in four weeks or less, were not on temporary lay-off or did not look for work in the four weeks prior to enumeration. Data are available for persons 15 years of age and over, excluding institutional residents. Occupation (Based on 1980 Standard Occupational Classification) Refers to the kind of work persons were doing during the reference week, as determined by their kind of work and the description of the most important duties in their job. Data are available for persons 15 years of age and over, excluding institutional residents. If the person did not have a job during the week prior to enumeration, the data relate to the job of longest duration since January 1, 1990. Persons with two or more jobs were to report the information for the job at which they worked the most hours. Occupation data are based on the 1980 classification structure which is composed of three levels of aggregation. There are 22 major groups which are subdivided into 80 minor groups. These, in turn, contain a total of 514 unit groups. The 1981 and 1986 Censuses also used the 1980 Standard Occupational Classification to classify occupation data; therefore, direct comparisons with 1991 data are possible. For comparisons with 1971 data, adjustments must be made to the labour force universe and only occupation data classified to the 1971 Occupational Classification Manual can be used. For further information, refer to the definition of Labour: Occupation (Based on 1971 Occupational Classification Manual) in the 1991 Census Dictionary (Catalogue No. 92- 301E). Occupied Private Dwelling Refers to a private dwelling in which a person or group of persons are permanently residing. Also included are private dwellings whose usual residents are temporarily absent on Census Day. These data, however, exclude private dwellings occupied solely by foreign and/or temporary residents. Owner's Major Payments Refers to the total average monthly payments made by owner households to secure shelter. Owner's Major Payments or Gross Rent as a Percentage of Household Income Refers to the proportion of average monthly 1990 total household income which is spent on owner's major payments (in the case of owner-occupied dwellings) or on gross rent (in the case of tenant- occupied dwellings). This concept is illustrated below: (a) Owner-occupied non-farm dwellings: Owner's major payments ---------------------------------------- * 100 = ___% (1990 total annual household income) /12 (b) Tenant-occupied non-farm dwellings: Gross rent ---------------------------------------- * 100 = ___% (1990 total annual household income) /12 Participation Rate Refers to the total labour force (in reference week) expressed as a percentage of the population 15 years of age and over, excluding institutional residents. The participation rate for a particular group (age, sex, marital status, geographic area, etc.) is the labour force in that group expressed as a percentage of the population for that group. Period of Construction Refers to the period in time during which the building or dwelling was originally constructed. Period of Immigration Refers to groupings of years derived from the year of immigration question. Place of Birth Refers to specific provinces or territories if born in Canada, or to specific countries if born outside Canada. Place of Work Refers to the usual place of work of non-institutional residents 15 years of age and over who have worked since January 1, 1990. The variables usually relate to the individual's job in the week prior to enumeration. However, if the person had not worked in that week but had worked since January 1, 1990, the information relates to the job held longest during that period. Respondents were to check the "Worked at home", "Worked outside Canada" or "Worked at address specified below" box. Explanations follow. Worked at home - Includes those persons whose location of employment is in the same building as their place of residence and those persons living and working on the same farm. Worked outside Canada - Includes diplomats, Armed Forces personnel and others enumerated abroad, recent immigrants not currently employed whose job of longest duration since January 1, 1990 was outside Canada, and other persons who indicated that they worked outside Canada. Worked at the address specified below - This response was to be checked off by persons whose place of work did not fall in either the "Worked at home" or "Worked outside Canada" categories. In addition, the full address of the place of work was to be reported. If the full address was not known, the name of the building or street intersection could be substituted. Persons who did not work in one area but who reported regularly to a headquarters were to give the address of the local headquarters or depot. Persons with no fixed or usual place of work we re asked to write in "No usual place". Presence of Children The Presence of Children variable classifies females 15 years and over in private households into those with children at home and those with no children at home. Females with children at home are then further classified on the basis of the age groups of their children. The term "children" refers to all blood, step-, or adopted sons and daughters, who have never married, regardless of age, in census families (in private households), who are living in the same dwelling as their parent(s). Sons and daughters who are currently or were previously married, or who are living common-law, are not considered to be members of their parent(s)' census family, even if they are living in the same dwelling. Primary Census Metropolitan Area (PCMA) - Primary Census Agglomeration (PCA) The primary census metropolitan area (PCMA) or primary census agglomeration (PCA) concept recognizes the fact that adjacent census metropolitan areas (CMAs) and census agglomerations (CAs) are socially and economically integrated within a larger consolidated CMA or CA. Adjacent CMAs and CAs are consolidated into a single CMA or CA if the total commuting interchange between the two is equal to at least 35% of the employed labour force living in the smaller CMA or CA, based on the previous census. The original CMAs or CAs are known as PCMA or PCA subregions of the CMA or CA. Private Dwelling Refers to a separate set of living quarters with a private entrance either from outside or from a common hall, lobby, vestibule or stairway inside the building. The entrance to the dwelling must be one which can be used without passing through the living quarters of someone else. The dwelling must meet the three conditions necessary for year-round use: (1) a source of heat or power (as evidenced by chimneys, power lines, oil or gas pipes or meters, generators, woodpiles, electric lights, solar heating panels, etc.); (2) access to a source of drinking water throughout the year (as evidenced by faucets, drain pipes, wells, water pumps, etc.); (3) an enclosed space that provides shelter from the elements (as evidenced by complete and enclosed walls, by a roof, and by doors and windows that provide protection from wind, rain and snow). Private Household Refers to a person or group of persons (other than foreign residents) who occupy a private dwelling and do not have a usual place of residence elsewhere in Canada. Province Refers to the major political division of Canada. From a statistical point of view, it is a basic unit for which data are tabulated and cross-classified. Provincial Census Tract (PCT) The general concept of a provincial census tract (PCT) is that of a permanent, small, urban and/or rural neighbourhood-like or community-like area outside those census metropolitan areas (CMAs) and census agglomerations (CAs) having a census tract (CT) program. Taken together, CTs and PCTs cover all of Canada. Provincial census tracts are delineated to encompass populations between 3,000 and 8,000, with a preferred average of 5,000. Boundaries, as much as possible, follow permanent physical features. Religion Refers to specific religious denominations, groups or bodies as well as sects, cults, or other religiously defined communities or systems of belief. Rooms Refers to the number of rooms in a dwelling. A room is an enclosed area within a dwelling which is finished and suitable for year-round living. Rural Area The general concept of a rural area is that of a sparsely populated area. Statistics Canada defines rural areas as those areas of Canada lying outside urban areas. Rural Farm Population Refers to all persons living in rural areas who are members of the households of farm operators living on their farms for any length of time during the 12-month period prior to the census. Rural Non-Farm Population Refers to all persons living in rural areas who are not members of the households of farm operators living on their farms for any length of time during the 12-month period prior to the census. Rural Population Refers to persons living outside "Urban Areas". School Attendance Refers to either full-time or part-time (day or evening) attendance at school, college or university during the nine-month period between September 1990 and June 4, 1991. Attendance is counted only for courses which could be used as credits towards a certificate, diploma or degree. Sex Refers to the gender of the respondent. Standard Geographical Classification (SGC) The Standard Geographical Classification (SGC) is Statistics Canada's official classification of geographic areas in Canada. The SGC provides unique numeric identification for three types of geographic areas. These are: - provinces and territories; - census divisions (CDs); - census subdivisions (CSDs). The three geographic areas are hierarchically related. Census subdivisions (CSDs) aggregate to census divisions (CDs), which in turn aggregate to a province or a territory. This relationship is reflected in the seven- digit code: Province/territory Census division Census subdivision XX XX XXX 2 digits 2 digits 3 digits Tenure Refers to whether some member of the household owns or rents the dwelling, or whether the dwelling is band housing (on an Indian reserve or settlement). A dwelling is classified as "owned" even if it is not fully paid for, such as one which has a mortgage or some other claim on it. The dwelling may be situated on rented or leased land or be part of a condominium (whether registered or unregistered). A dwelling is classified as "rented" even if it is provided without cash rent or at a reduced rent or if the dwelling is part of a co-operative. For census purposes, in a co-operative all members jointly own the co-operative and occupy their dwelling units under a lease agreement. For historical and statutory reasons, shelter occupancy on reserves does not lend itself to the usual classification by standard tenure categories. Therefore, a special category, band housing, has been created for 1991 Census products. Territory Refers to two major political divisions of Canada, namely Yukon Territory and Northwest Territories. From a statistical point of view, these territories are equivalent to provinces, i.e. a basic unit for which data are tabulated and cross-classified. Total Labour Force Refers to persons who were either employed or unemployed during the week prior to enumeration (June 4, 1991). Data are available for persons 15 years of age and over, excluding institutional residents. Unemployed Refers to persons who, during the week prior to enumeration (June 4, 1991): (a) were without work, actively looked for work in the past four weeks and were available for work; or (b) were on lay-off and expected to return to their job and were available for work; or (c) had definite arrangements to start a new job in four weeks or less and were available for work. Data are available for persons 15 years of age and over, excluding institutional residents. Unemployment Rate Refers to the unemployed labour force expressed as a percentage of the total labour force (in reference week). The unemployment rate for a particular group (age, sex, marital status, geographic area, etc.) is the number of unemployed in that group expressed as a percentage of the labour force for that group. Data are available for persons 15 years of age and over, excluding institutional residents. Urban Area (UA) The general concept of an urban area (UA) is that of an area containing a dense concentration of population. Statistics Canada defines an urban area as an area which has attained a population concentration of at least 1,000, and a population density of at least 400 per square kilometre, at the previous census. All territory lying outside urban areas is considered rural. Taken together, urban and rural areas cover all of Canada. Urban areas separated by gaps of less than two kilometres are combined to form a single urban area. Urban Population Refers to persons living in a continuously built-up area having a population concentration of 1,000 or more and a population density of 400 or more per square kilometre, based on the previous census. Urban Population Size Group In this publication the following size groups are shown: Under - 2,500 2,500 - 4,999 5,000 or more {sic} Value of Dwelling Refers to the dollar amount expected by the owner if the dwelling were to be sold. Work Activity in 1990 Refers to the number of weeks in which a person worked in 1990 and whether these weeks worked were full-time or part-time. Individuals who worked 49 to 52 weeks, mostly full time, are classified as full-year, full-time workers. Data Quality General The 1991 Census was a large and complex undertaking and, while considerable effort was taken to ensure high standards throughout all collection and processing operations, the resulting estimates are inevitably subject to a certain degree of error. Users of census data should be aware such error exists, and have some appreciation of its main components, so that they can assess the usefulness of census data for their purposes and the risks involved in basing conclusions or decisions on these data. Errors can arise at virtually every stage of the census process from the preparation of materials, through the listing of dwellings and data collection to processing. Some errors occur more or less at random, and when the individual responses are aggregated for a sufficiently large group, such errors tend to cancel out . For errors of this nature, the larger the group, the more accurate the corresponding estimate. It is for this reason that users are advised to be cautious when using small estimates. There are some errors, however, which might occur more systematically, and which result in "biased" estimates. Because the bias from such errors is persistent no matter how large the group for which responses are aggregated, and because bias is particularly difficult to measure, systematic errors are a more serious problem for most data users than the random errors referred to previously. For census data in general, the principal types of error are as follows: - coverage errors, which occur when dwellings and/or individuals are missed, incorrectly included or double counted; - non-response errors, which result when responses cannot be obtained from a small number of households and/or individuals, because of extended absence or some other reason; - response errors, which occur when the respondent, or sometimes the Census Representative, misunderstands a census question, and records an incorrect response; - processing errors, which can occur at various steps including: coding, when "write-in" responses are transformed into numerical codes; data capture, when responses are transferred from the census questionnaire to computer tapes by key-entry operators; and imputation when a "valid", but not necessarily correct, response is inserted into a record by the computer to replace missing or "invalid" data ("valid" and "invalid" referring to whether or not the response is consistent with other information on the record); - sampling errors, which apply only to the supplementary questions on the "long form" asked of a one-fifth sample of households, and which arise from the fact that the results for these questions, when weighted up to represent the whole population, inevitably differ somewhat from the results which would have been obtained if these questions had been asked of all households. The above types of error each have both random and systematic components. Usually, however, the systematic component of sampling error is very small in relation to its random component. For the other non-sampling errors, both random and systematic components may be significant. Coverage Errors Coverage errors affect the accuracy of the census counts, that is the sizes of the various census universes: population, families, households and dwellings. While steps have been taken to correct certain identifiable errors, the final counts are still subject to some degree of error resulting from persons or dwellings being missed, incorrectly included in the census or double counted. Missed dwellings or persons result in undercoverage. Dwellings can be missed because of misunderstanding of enumeration area (EA) boundaries, or because dwellings are hidden or appear uninhabitable. Persons can be missed when their dwelling is missed or classified as vacant, or when individual household members are omitted from the questionnaire because the respondent misinterprets the instructions on whom to include. Some individuals may be missed because they have no usual residence and did not spend census night in any dwelling. Dwellings or persons that are incorrectly included or double counted result in overcoverage. Overcoverage of dwellings can occur when structures unfit for habitation are listed as dwellings, or when units which do not meet the census definition of a dwelling are listed separately instead of being treated as part of a larger dwelling. Double counting of dwellings can occur, for example, because of ambiguity over EA boundaries. Persons can be double counted because their dwelling is double counted or because the guidelines on whom to include on the questionnaire have been misunderstood. Occasionally, someone who is not in the census population universe, such as a foreign resident or a fictitious person, may, incorrectly, be enumerated in the census. On average, overcoverage is less likely to occur than undercoverage and, as a result, counts of dwellings and persons are likely to be slightly underestimated. In 1991, four studies were undertaken to measure different aspects of coverage error. First, a sample of dwellings listed as vacant was revisited to verify that they really were vacant on Census Day. Adjustments have been made to the final census counts for households and persons missed because their dwelling was incorrectly classified as vacant. Second, a sample of persons enumerated as temporary residents was selected to verify whether or not they were enumerated at their usual place of residence. Based on this sample, estimates were obtained of the number of persons missed because they were temporarily absent from their usual place of residence. Corresponding adjustments were made to the final population counts. Despite these adjustments, the final counts are still subject to some undercoverage. For Canada as a whole and for each province and territory, the magnitude of this residual undercoverage in the 1991 Census is being measured by means of a special study known as the Reverse Record Check. Undercoverage tends to be higher for certain segments of the population such as young adult males and recent immigrants. The fourth study, known as the Overcoverage Study, is designed to investigate overcoverage errors. The results of the Reverse Record Check and the Overcoverage Study, when taken together, furnish an estimate of net undercoverage. Other Non-Sampling Errors While coverage errors affect the number of units in the various census universes, other errors affect the characteristics of those units. Sometimes, it is not possible to obtain a complete response from a household, even though the dwelling was identified as occupied and a questionnaire dropped off. The household members may have been away throughout the census period or, in rare instances, the householder may have refused to complete the form. More frequently, the questionnaire is returned but information is missing for some questions or individuals. Considerable effort is devoted to ensure as complete a response as possible. Census representatives edit the questionnaires and follow up on missing information. The Census Representative's work is then checked by both a supervisor and a quality control technician. Despite this, at the end of the collection stage, a small number of responses is still missing. Although missing entries are eliminated during processing by replacing a missing value by the corresponding entry for a "similar" record, there remain some potential non-response errors. This is particularly serious if the non-respondents differ in some respects from the respondents, since this procedure will result in non-response bias. Even when a response is obtained, it may not be entirely accurate. The respondent may have misinterpreted the question or may have guessed the answer, especially when answering on behalf of another, possibly absent, household member. Such errors are referred to as response errors. While response errors usually arise from inaccurate information provided by respondents, they can also result from mistakes by the Census Representative when completing certain parts of the questionnaire, such as structural type of dwelling, or when calling back to obtain a missing response. Some of the questions on the census document require a written response. During processing, these "write-in" entries are given a numeric code. Coding errors can occur, especially when the code list is extensive (as with, for example, language, ethnic origin, industry and occupation), and when the written response is ambiguous, incomplete or difficult to read. Coding errors are controlled, though not completely eliminated, by verifying a sample of the codes and taking corrective action where necessary. For the first time in 1991, much of the coding was automated, partly in an effort to reduce the extent of coding errors. The information on the questionnaires is key-entered onto a computer file. Two procedures are used to control the number of data capture errors. First, certain edits (such as range checks) are performed as the data are keyed. Second, a sample from each batch of documents is re-keyed and compared with the original entries. If there is more than a specified number of errors among the original entries, the whole batch is re-keyed. Once the data have been captured, they are sent to Ottawa where they undergo a series of computer checks to identify missing or inconsistent responses. In the case of inconsistent responses, it has first to be decided which response is to be considered invalid. Invalid or missing responses must then be replaced by valid responses, that is, responses which are consistent with other data on the record. For a small proportion of cases, the correct response can be inferred from other data on the record. In most cases, however, this is not possible and a valid response is obtained from a "donor" record selected at random from among a group of consistent records which are similar to the invalid record in terms of a number of related characteristics. There is, of course, no guarantee that the imputed value will necessarily be the correct response for the individual concerned. However, provided the missing or invalid records are similar, on average, to the valid records, any imputation errors will more or less cancel out when results are tabulated for a sufficiently large geographic area or population subgroup. Various studies are being carried out to evaluate the quality of the responses obtained in the 1991 Census. For each question, response rates and edit failure rates have been calculated. These can be useful in identifying the potential for non-response and other errors. Also, tabulations from the 1991 Census have been or will be compared with corresponding estimates from previous censuses, from sample surveys (such as the Labour Force Survey) and from various administrative records (such as birth registrations and municipal assessment records). Such comparisons can indicate potential quality problems or at least discrepancies between the sources. In addition to these aggregate-level comparisons, there are some micromatch studies in progress, in which census responses are compared with another source of information at the individual record level. For certain "stable" characteristics (such as age, sex, mother tongue, place of birth), the responses obtained in the 1991 Census, for a sample of individuals, are being compared with those for the same individuals in the 1986 Census. Also, following the 1991 Census, a sample of persons was re- enumerated, primarily to determine overcoverage rates. At the same time, however, interviewers asked a series of detailed questions on language, ethnic origin and marital status; the responses will be compared with the corresponding census responses in order to identify, and hopefully understand, response errors. Sampling Errors Estimates obtained by weighting up responses collected on a sample basis are subject to error due to the fact that the distribution of characteristics within the sample will not usually be identical to the distribution of characteristics within the population from which the sample has been selected. The potential error introduced by sampling will vary according to the relative scarcity of the characteristics in the population. For large cell values, the potential error due to sampling, as a proportion of the cell value, will be relatively small. For small cell values, this potential error, as a proportion of the cell value, will be relatively large. The potential error due to sampling is usually expressed in terms of the so-called "standard error". This is the square root of the average, taken over all possible samples of the same size and design, of the squared deviation of the sample estimate from the value for the total population. The table below provides approximate measures of the standard error due to sampling. These measures are intended as a general guide only. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Table: Approximate Standard Error Due to Sampling for 1991 Census Sample Data ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Cell Value Approximate Standard Error 50 or less 15 100 20 200 30 500 45 1,000 65 2,000 90 5,000 140 10,000 200 20,000 280 50,000 450 100,000 630 500,000 1400 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Users wishing to determine the approximate error due to sampling for any given cell of data, based upon the 20% sample, should choose the standard error value corresponding to the cell value that is closest to the value of the given cell in the census tabulation. When using the obtained standard error value, in generalthe user can be reasonably certain that, for the enumerated population, the true value (discounting all forms of error other than sampling) lies within plus or minus three times the standard error (e.g., for a cell value of 1,000, the range would be 1,000 +/- 3 * 65 or 1,000 +/- 195). The standard errors given in the table above will not apply to population or universe (persons, households, dwellings or families) totals or subtotals for the geographic area under consideration (see Sampling and Weighting). The effect of sampling for these cells can be determined by comparison with a corresponding 100% publication. The effect of the particular sample design and weighting procedure used in the 1991 Census will vary, however, from one characteristic to another and from one geographic area to another. The standard error values in the table may, therefore, understate or overstate the error due to sampling. For further information on the quality of census data, contact the Social Survey Methods Division at Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Canada KlA 0T6 (613) 951-6940. Confidentiality and Random Rounding The figures shown in the tables have been subjected to a confidentiality procedure known as "random rounding". This is done to prevent the possibility of associating statistical data with any identifiable individual. Under this method, all figures including totals are randomly rounded either up or down to a multiple of "5", and in some cases "10". While providing strong protection against disclosure, this technique does not add significant error to the census data. However, there are some consequences for the users. Since totals are independently rounded, they do not necessarily equal the sum of individually rounded figures in distributions. Also, minor differences can be expected in corresponding totals and cell values in various census tabulations. Similarly, percentages, which are calculated on rounded figures, do not necessarily add up to 100. Percentage distributions and rates for the most part are based on rounded data, while percentage changes and averages are based on unrounded data. It should also be noted that small cell counts may suffer a significant distortion as a result of random rounding. Individual data cells containing small numbers may lose their precision as a result. Users should be aware of possible data distortions when they are aggregating these rounded data. Imprecisions as a result of rounding tend to cancel each other out when data cells are reaggregated. However, users can minimize these distortions by using, whenever possible, the appropriate subtotals when aggregating. For those requiring maximum precision, the option exists to use custom tabulations. With custom products, aggregation is done using individual census database records. Random rounding occurs only after the data cells have been aggregated, thus minimizing any distortion. In addition to random rounding, area suppression has been adopted to further protect the confidentiality of individual responses. Area suppression results in the deletion of all characteristic data for geographic areas with populations below a specified size. The extent to which data are suppressed depends upon the following factors: - if the data are tabulated from the 100% database, suppression is based upon the total population; - if the data are tabulated from the 20% sample database, suppression is based upon the non-institutional population; - if the population is less than 40 persons, then all data are suppressed. In all cases, suppressed data are included in the appropriate higher aggregate subtotals and totals. This technique is being implemented for all products involving subprovincial data (i.e. Profile series, basic summary tabulations, semi-custom and custom data products) collected on a 100% or 20% sample basis. Sampling and Weighting The 1991 Census data were collected either on a 100% basis (i.e. for all households) or on a sample basis (i.e. from only a random sample of households) with data weighted to provide estimates of the entire population. The information in this report was collected on a 20% sample basis and weighted up to compensate for sampling. All table headings are noted accordingly. Note that, on most Indian reserves and remote areas, all data were collected on a 100% basis. For any given geographic area, the weighted population, household, dwelling or family total or subtotal may differ from that shown in reports containing data collected on a 100% basis. Such variation (in addition to the effect of random rounding) will be due to sampling. Special Notes Population Counts Based on Usual Residence The population counts shown here for a particular area represent the number of Canadians whose usual place of residence is in that area, regardless of where they happened to be on Census Day. Also included are any Canadians staying in a dwelling in that area on Census Day and having no usual place of residence elsewhere in Canada, as well as those considered "non-permanent residents" (see note on this group). In most areas, there is little difference between the number of usual residents and the number of people staying in the area on Census Day. For certain places, however, such as tourist or vacation areas, or those including large work camps, the number of people staying in the area at any particular time could significantly exceed the number of usual residents shown here. Non-permanent Residents In 1991, for the first time, the census of population included both permanent and non-permanent residents of Canada. Non-permanent residents are persons who hold student or employment authorizations, Minister's permits or who are refugee claimants. Prior to 1991, only permanent residents of Canada were included in the census. (The only exception to this was 1941.) Non-permanent residents were considered foreign residents and were not enumerated. Today in Canada, non-permanent residents make up a growing segment of the population. Their presence can affect the demand for such government services as health care, schooling and employment programs. The inclusion of non-permanent residents in the 1991 Census will also facilitate comparisons with provincial and territorial statistics (marriages, divorces, births and deaths) which include this population. In addition, the census definition is now closer to the United Nations' recommendation that long-term residents (persons living in a country for one year or longer) be enumerated. Total population counts, as well as counts for all variables, will be affected by this change in the 1991 Census universe. According to the 1991 Census, there were 223,410 non-permanent residents in Canada, representing slightly less than 1% of the total population. Users should be especially careful when comparing data from 1991 and previous censuses in geographic areas where there is a concentration of non-permanent residents. These include the major metropolitan areas of Ontario, British Columbia and Quebec. Although every attempt was made to enumerate non- permanent residents, the completeness of enumeration of this population was below that achieved for permanent residents. Factors such as language difficulty and a reluctance to complete a government form or understand the need to participate, may have affected the enumeration of non-permanent residents and resulted in undercounting. Incompletely Enumerated Indian Reserves and Indian Settlements On some Indian reserves and Indian settlements in the 1991 Census, enumeration was not permitted or was interrupted before it could be completed. Moreover, some Indian reserves and Indian settlements were enumerated late or the quality of the collected data was considered inadequate. These geographic areas (a total of 78) are called incompletely enumerated Indian reserves and Indian settlements. Data for 1991 are therefore not available for the incompletely enumerated reserves and settlements and are not included in tabulations. Data for geographic are as containing one or more of these reserves and settlements are therefore noted accordingly. Because of the missing data, users are cautioned that for the affected geographic areas, comparisons (e.g., percentage change) between 1986 and 1991 are not exact. While for higher level geographic areas (Canada, provinces, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations) the impact of the missing data is very small, the impact can be significant for smaller areas, where the affected reserves and settlements account for a higher proportion of the population. A list of incompletely enumerated Indian reserves and Indian settlements along with Population and Occupied Private Dwelling Counts from the last two censuses (where available) has been compiled and is shown in Appendix 1. Structural Type of Dwelling Movable dwellings, one category of structural type of dwellings, were suspected to be under-reported in the 1991 Census. This is thought to be due to the misclassification of a number of Mobile Homes as other structural types. For large geographic areas, this error is not expected to have a significant impact upon other dwelling categories because of the relatively large number of dwellings in that area. However, for small geographic areas, the impact may be more pronounced. Home Language and Mother Tongue For the 1991 Census, the question on language spoken at home read as follows: "What language does this person speak most often at home?" The expression "most often" replaced the term "usually" which had been used in 1981 and in 1986. The instruction accompanying the question ("If more than one language, which language do you speak most often?") was suppressed in 1991. As for the question on mother tongue, it was expressed in the following terms: "What is the language that this person first learned at home in childhood and still understands?" This wording is similar to that used for the 1986 Census, except for the insertion of the expression "at home". Furthermore, an instruction was added in 1991 following the question: "If this person no longer understands the first language learned, indicate the second language learned". In 1986, this instruction was found in the guide which accompanied the questionnaire. The short questionnaire (2A) of the 1991 Census, which was completed by four households in five, contained only one language question, that is the one on mother tongue. This question bore the title Language First Learned at Home in Childhood. The question on home language appeared on the long questionnaire (2B) which was given to one household in five. This questionnaire contained four language questions. The title Language preceded these questions. The question on home language appeared after the two questions on knowledge of languages (official and non-official) and preceded the question on mother tongue. In 1986, the question on the language spoken at home (question 18) came before the one on the knowledge of the official languages (question 19), but it appeared well after the question on the mother tongue (question 6). Changes to the collection and processing of data affect figures for both mother tongue and home language. First of all, in 1991, the boxes corresponding to the three most frequent non-official languages were deleted from the questionnaire. The only two check boxes were the ones referring to English and French; other language responses were recorded by means of a write-in answer space. Up to two of these write-in responses could be processed. For the first time, in 1991, these answers were coded using an automatic process. Among other things, this reduced the time needed for coding and solved the problem of classification that affected certain language categories such as Aboriginal and Indo-Iranian languages (refer to the section entitled Special Notes in the 1986 publication Language: Part 1, number 93-102 in the catalogue). Some changes have also been incorporated in the language classifications used in publications. In 1991, the Sino- Tibetan, Tai and Austro-Asiatic language families were added. Furthermore, certain residual categories have been added to existing language families, such as "Germanic languages, n.i.e." (n.i.e.: not included elsewhere) and "Dravidian, n.i.e.". Moreover, because of the small number of respondents reporting them, certain native languages which were identified in 1986 have been included in the category "Athapaskan languages, n.i.e." in 1991. Finally, an important change was made to the "Algonquian languages, n.i.e." category. In 1991 this category contains the Oji-Cree language, which was assigned to Cree or Ojibway in 1986. The number of non-responses to the question on the language spoken at home remained stable between the 1986 and 1991 censuses (315,000 individuals). As for the proportion of non-responses, it went from 1,3% to 1,2%. Except for the Yukon, provincial and territorial rates have decreased between 1986 and 1991. Non-responses and invalid responses were corrected during data processing. A summary analysis reveals that this operation did not significantly change the distributions. However, the proportion of answers assigned is between 5% and 9,9% for Frisian, Danish, Icelandic, Norwegian, Kurdish, Sinhalese, Sino-Tibetan languages, not included elsewhere (n.i.e.), Khmer, Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e., Semitic languages, n.i.e., Swahili, Cree, Montagnais-Naskapi, Algonquian languages, n.i.e. and Wakashan languages; between 10% and 14,9% for Swedish, Welsh, Ojibway, Malecite, Tsimshian and Amerindian languages, n.i.e.; and between 15% and 19,9% for Gaelic languages and African languages, n.i.e. Furthermore, the proportion of assigned responses exceeds 20% for four languages: North Slave (Hare), Mohawk, Salish languages and Haida. Analysts are advised to be careful when using the data on these languages. The table shown as follows gives the main response categories of the questions on mother tongue and home language. Statistics are taken from the long questionnaire (distributed to 20% of households). ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Mother Tongue Home Language ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1981 1986 1991 1981 1986 1991 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total population 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Single responses 97.8 96.6 98.8 97.8 95.4 98.2 English 60.4 60.6 59.9 66.9 66.3 67.5 French 25.2 24.3 24.1 24.2 23.2 23.0 Non-official languages 12.2 11.6 14.8 6.6 5.9 7.7 Multiple responses 2.2 3.4 1.2 2.2 4.6 1.8 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- In the case of mother tongue and home language, a notable increase took place for single answers from 1986 to 1991. This was accompanied, of course, by a substantial decrease in the number and proportion of multiple responses. These changes are probably largely attributable to the order in which the language questions appeared on the long questionnaire. Respondents would have less of a tendency to declare more than one language for the answer categories relating to language most often spoken at home and mother tongue if they could first indicate their language knowledge. In 1991, statistics on mother tongue which were taken from the long questionnaire sometimes presented significant differences in relation to the data taken from the short questionnaire. For more information concerning this matter, consult the Content Considerations section of the publication Mother Tongue: 20% Sample Data, number 93-333 in the catalogue. Time comparisons become a rather delicate issue due to the changes in certain aspects of the collection and processing of data on mother tongue and home language from one census to the next. Therefore, users are advised to exercise caution when analysing trends. Median Calculation The procedure to estimate medians has been changed from that used in previous censuses and in the initial release of income data from the 1991 Census, specifically Catalogue 93-331, Selected Income Statistics. The new procedure employs a much larger number of income groups and provides a more accurate estimate of the median value. For this reason, medians calculated using the new method will differ slightly from those previously published or from those calculated from distributions shown in a publication. Income Data Average income, median income and standard error of average income of population 15 years and over are calculated for persons with income only, but are calculated for all census families and private households whether or not they reported any income. Aggregate income calculated from these data should be used with caution as averages were calculated prior to rounding. Medians have been calculated from unpublished grouped data. Income size distributions by various characteristics for the population 15 years and over, census families, non- family persons, economic families, unattached individuals and private households in Canada, provinces, territories and CMA's are published in separate reports. Census income statistics are subject to sampling variability. Although such sampling variability may be quite small for large population groups, its effects cannot be ignored in the case of very small subgroups of population in an area or in a particular category. This is because, all other things being equal, the smaller the sample size, the larger the error. For this reason, income data for areas, where the non-institutional population was below 250 have been suppressed. In addition, for EAs, the income distribution and related statistics are suppressed where less than 100 persons, families or households are involved. However, where statistics are not suppressed but are still based on relatively small totals, the readers are strongly advised to exercise caution in the use and interpretation of these statistics. Number of Weeks Worked The data for the 40-48 and 49-52 weeks worked categories for 1990 must be interpreted with caution because some respondents tend to exclude their paid leave of absence due to vacation or for other reasons from their work weeks, when in fact such leave of absence should be included. As a result, the 49-52 week category may be understated. Labour Force Activity The census labour force activity concepts have not changed between 1986 and 1991. However, the processing of the data was modified, causing some differences. In the 1991 Census, a question on school attendance was asked. This question was not asked in 1986. It was used to edit the labour force activity variable, specifically unemployment. Consequently, the processing differences affect the unemployed population and are mostly concentrated among the 15-19 age group. The table below indicates the magnitude of the effect upon the data, at the Canada level. ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Labour Force Activity, 1991 Census of Canada ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Canada 1991 Census (as 1991 Census (using published in 1991) 1986 processing ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Labour force 15 years and over 14,474,940 14,535,850 Employed 13,005,505 13,005,500 Unemployed 1,469,440 1,530,350 Not in the labour force 6,829,795 6,768,885 Labour force 15-19 years 904,370 948,260 Employed 766,260 766,260 Unemployed 138,110 182,005 Not in the labour force 967,865 923,965 Labour force 20 years and over 13,570,575 13,587,590 Employed 12,239,240 12,239,245 Unemployed 1,331,330 1,348,350 Not in the labour force 5,861,940 5,844,925 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Data Quality Index for Census Subdivisions, Census Tracts and Enumeration Areas In general, the census has been able to obtain accurate population and dwelling counts and to maintain high response rates to census questions for all geographic areas in Canada. However, some census subdivisions, mostly Indian reserves and Indian settlements, have very high non-response rates for some census questions despite the fact that accurate population and dwelling counts were obtained. A data quality index based on two non-response rates is given for some census subdivisions (CSDs), census tracts (CTs) and enumeration areas (EAs) to reflect this situation. The first non-response rate is a global rate equal to the percentage of required responses left unanswered by respondents. All published census questions exclusive to the long questionnaire were used in the calculation of this global rate (in the case of income only total income and wages and salaries were used). The magnitude of this global rate is indicated in tabulations as follows: Less than 5%: no indication 5% to less than 25%: z 25% or more: zz Tabulations for CSDs, CTs and EAs with a black diamond should be used with caution. Tabulations for CSDs, CTs and EAs with two black diamonds (a global non-response rate of 25% or more) are not released. The second non-response rate is calculated in the same way as the global non-response rate except that it uses only the housing questions exclusive to the long questionnaire. This rate is calculated only for the released tabulations. The magnitude of this housing non-response rate is indicated in tabulations as follows: Less than 25%: no indication 25% or more: Z Tabulations of housing questions with a white diamond are published but should be used with extreme caution due to the high non-response rates for these questions. It should be noted that in some cases both black and white diamonds may appear. Because high non-response is a very localized phenomenon, data that are not released at the CSD, CT and EA levels are still included in tabulations at all higher geographic levels. These tabulations are not subject to any particular note. Comparability of Data on Ethnic Origin Comparison between 1986 and 1991. The ethnic origin question was changed slightly from that asked in the 1986 Census. In 1991, respondents were asked "To which ethnic or cultural group(s) did this person's ancestors belong?" The 1986 Census question asked "To which ethnic or cultural group(s) do you or did your ancestors belong?" The phrase "do you" was removed to clarify the intent of the question, which is to measure the origins of respondents. In addition, a note was added in 1991 on the questionnaire to explain the purpose and intent of asking a question on ethnic origin. In 1991, the order of the mark-in responses in the question was changed. These were arranged based on incidence reporting of single ethnic origins in the 1986 Census. In light of the recommendations of the Special Committee on Visible Minorities in Canadian Society in the report Equality Now and of the Abella Commission on Equality in Employment, the mark-in response for "Black" was added in 1986 and included in 1991. In previous censuses, respondents wrote "Black" in the space provided. The 1986 Census questionnaire permitted up to three origins other than those shown with mark-in boxes. In 1991, respondents could write in up to two ethnic origins not included in the mark-in circles. Also, two additional examples of other ethnic or cultural groups were added in 1991: Lebanese and Haitian. Although the overall ethnic classification structure in 1991 was similar to that of the 1986 Census, a few changes were made to improve the quality of data. These include the addition of new ethnic groups. The 1981 and 1986 ethnic origin data are not directly comparable. The instruction to specify as many groups as applicable and the addition of two write-in spaces contributed to a significant increase in multiple responses. The changes which were introduced to the ethnic origin question in 1991 should not affect the comparability of ethnic origin data between 1986 and 1991. The measurement of ethnicity, however, is affected by the social environment and personal factors including awareness of family background, length of time since immigration and confusion with other concepts such as citizenship, nationality, language or identity. The increase in the responses for Aboriginal origins as well as Canadian origins and the decrease in English origins are likely the result of social and personal considerations. The choices that respondents make can affect counts of ethnic groups. Single and multiple responses prior to 1981, only one ethnic origin was captured per respondent. In 1981, although multiple ethnic origins were accepted, respondents were not instructed to provide more than one origin. In 1986 and 1991, a note following the ethnic origin question instructed respondents to specify as many origins as applicable. A single response occurs when a respondent provides one ethnic origin only. A multiple response occurs when a respondent provides two or more ethnic origins . Immigration and Citizenship Data The citizenship and immigration questions were not asked on Indian reserves and Indian settlements enumerated with the 1991 Census Form 2D questionnaire. Consequently, these data are not shown for lower geographic levels (census subdivisions, census tracts and enumeration areas) that were reserves and settlements. Limitations in Using Place of Work Data Comparability of 1991 Place of Work Data with Those of Previous Censuses Although the overall design of the Place of Work question has changed between censuses (e.g. reordering the mark- off boxes and write-in response), the basic data available have remained generally consistent and comparable. However, users must be careful in comparing historical data, because of changes in the definition of the 1991 Census population and data limitations described as follows. Universe and Sample Design In 1971, the CSD level data were taken from a 33.3% sample compared to the 20% samples used in the 1981 and 1991 Censuses. The 20% sample data were then weighted up to provide estimates for the entire population. In the case of the 1991 Census, the place-of-work universe contained over 3,000,000 persons weighted up to over 15,000,000 persons. Improved instructions during 1981 and 1991 Censuses lowered the number of "uncodable responses". A write-in box for a place-of-work postal code was added to the 1986 and 1991 Census questionnaires. Annexations, incorporations and amalgamations of municipalities could create some difficulties when comparing the spatial units and structures which change over time. Response and Coding Problems The place-of-work question was slightly modified between censuses to improve the quality of coding. This was done, in part, to compensate for the problem of "central city overstatement", where respondents would give the name of the central city within a metropolitan area as their place of work when the actual place of work was located in another municipality within the metropolitan area (e.g., Toronto was stated, when Scarborough was the actual place of work). This resulted in a sometimes high overstatement of central cities and simultaneous understatement in other municipalities within a given metropolitan area. Imputation Methodology In 1971, those respondents who gave inaccurate or incomplete information, or no information at all, were assigned to the category "not stated". This "not stated" category also included partial responses, such as a province or province/census division code. In 1981 and 1991, this "not stated" category no longer existed at the CSD level. Seven-digit Standard Geographical Classification (SGC) codes were assigned to affected records through an edit and imputation program. Characteristics of a "not stated" record were matched with those of a donor record. No Usual Place of Work Data for the No usual place of work category found within the Nation Series and the Profile Series are not strictly comparable because of differences in processing the data. In the Nation Series, No usual place of work was counted only if a municipality name was given by the respondent and that municipality was within the same census metropolitan area in which the respondent lived. In the Profile Series, No usual place of work was counted if the respondent wrote No usual place of work in the space reserved for the workplace address, regardless of whether a municipality name was given or not. As such, the Profile Series contains a higher count of "no usual place of work" than the Nation Series publication.