1 INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL DATA ON THE EUROPEAN SYSTEM (INDES), 1945-1980 (ICPSR 9115) Principal Investigators Jan Faber and Ronald Groenink First ICPSR Edition Spring, 1989 Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research P.O. Box 1248 Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 [Hard copy documentation transformed into machine-readable text utilizing Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Scanning, January, 1992] 1 1 BIBLIOGRAPHIC CITATION Publications based on ICPSR data collections should acknowledge those sources by means of bibliographic citations. To ensure that such source attributions are captured for social science bibliographic utilities, citations must appear in footnotes or in the reference section of publications. The bibliographic citation for this data collection is: Faber, Jan, and Ronald Groenink. INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL DATA ON THE EUROPEAN SYSTEM (INDES), 1945-1980 [Computer file]. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Europa Instituut [producer], 1986. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Steinmetz Archive and Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributors], 1989. REQUEST FOR INFORMATION ON USE OF ICPSR RESOURCES To provide funding agencies with essential information about use of archival resources and to facilitate the exchange of information about ICPSR participants' research activities, users of ICPSR data are requested to send to ICPSR bibliographic citations for each completed manuscript or thesis abstract. Please indicate in a cover letter which data were used. DATA DISCLAIMER The original collector of the data, ICPSR, and the relevant funding agency bear no responsibility for uses of this collection or for interpretations or inferences based upon such uses. 1 1 DATA COLLECTION DESCRIPTION Jan Faber and Ronald Groenink INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL DATA ON THE EUROPEAN SYSTEM (INDES), 1945-1980 (ICPSR 9115) SUMMARY: This collection offers data on economic, political and military aspects of social processes within and between nations belonging to the European nations-system since World War II. Two separate files are available: The National File contains data on 48 national characteristics of social processes within nations, and the International File contains data on four international characteristics of social processes between nations. Variables in both files have been measured at five-year intervals beginning in 1945 and ending in 1980. Variables in the National File include population of the country, total land area of the country, imports/exports, defense expenditures, energy production, agricultural production, manufacturing, transportation, and military personnel and equipment. The International File supplies information on exports and on cooperative and conflictual actions. CLASS IV UNIVERSE: Twenty-seven interacting European nations and the rest of the world. EXTENT OF COLLECTION: 2 data files DATA FORMAT: Card Image Part 1: International Data Part 2: National Data File Structure: rectangular File Structure: rectangular Cases: 6,048 Cases: 216 Variables: 7 Variables 50 Record Length: 80 Record Length: 80 Records Per Case: 1 Records Per Case: 7 RELATED PUBLICATION: Groenink, R.J. (ed.) DATA ON EUROPE: 1945-1980. Bilthoven: Prime Press, 1988. 1 1 ICPSR 9115 INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL DATA ON THE EUROPEAN SYSTEM Page 1 Introduction This database contains figures on economic, political and military aspects of social processes among (groups of) indivi- duals within and between nations belonging to the European na- tion-system since World War II, and has been compiled by Jan Faber in the period 1-8-'81/31-7-'82 and by Ronald Groenink in the period 1-9-'85/31-8-'86 at the Europa Instituut of the University of Amsterdam. Faber's research has been subsidized by the Netherlands Foundation for Research into Politics and Public Administration (NESPOB), which is subsidized by the Netherlands Organization for the Advancement of Pure Research (ZWO) under grant 122-025-001. Groenink's research has been subsidized by the same organizations under grant 122-025-006. This data compilation effort has been carried out within the research project "The development of power relations among European nations since 1815", which is directed by Prof.Dr.J.K.De Vree at the Europa Instituut of the University of Amsterdam and at the Faculty of Law of the University of Utrecht. Further information about the theoretical origins of this database, some examples of utilizing the database in cross-national empirical research, and some insight into the reliability of data on several variables included in this database are presented in a related publication: R.J. Groenink (ed.) 1988, Data on Europe: 1945-1980, Bilthoven, Prime Press. In this related publication, the data on the most important variables have been reproduced. So, this related publication can be considered to be very useful for classroom exercises and other educational purposes, and to be a source of detailed information about the database itself. The database consists of two separate files, namely one containing data on 48 national characteristics of social processes among (groups of) individuals within nations, and one containing data on 4 international characteristics of social processes among (groups of) individuals between nations. These files are labeled the "national file" and the "international file". Both files contain variables, which have been measured at 5-year intervals beginning in 1945 and ending in 1980. For each of these moments of observation data have been collected for 27 nations (and the rest of the world in case of data on interactions among these nations in the international file). The contents of the national file The national file contains data on 48 national characteris- tics for 27 nations at 8 moments of observation. The nation-code identifier, the year of observation identifier and the 48 varia- bles in the national file are listed below. They are written on the national file in a SPSS readable format: (2f3.0.3x,7f9.2,/, 5(8f9.2,/),f9.2). 1 Page 2 (INDES), 1945-1980 ICPSR 9115 variable 1: Nation Code. Figures identify the units of analysis. 01 = Finland 02 = Sweden 03 = Norway 04 = Denmark 05 = Union of Socialist Soviet Republics 06 = Poland 07 = German Democratic Republic 08 = Czechoslovakia 09 = Hungary 10 = Rumania 11 = Bulgaria 12 = Albania 13 = Turkey 14 = Greece 15 = Yugoslavia 16 = Ireland 17 = United Kingdom 18 = Netherlands 19 = German Federal Republic 20 = Belgium plus Luxembourg 21 = France 22 = Switzerland 23 = Austria 24 = Italy 25 = Spain 26 = Portugal 27 = United States of America 28 = Rest of the world (applies only to the international file) The rest of the world consists in 1948 of 49 (sovereign) nations, in 1950 of 52 nations, in 1955 of 58 nations, in 1960 of 81 nations, in 1965 of 94 nations, in 1970 of 101 nations, in 1975 of 109 nations, and in 1978 of 108 nations. variable 2: Time-code. Figures identify the year of observation (45/50/55/60/65/70/75/80). variable 3: Area. Data (in 1000 square kilometers) refer to total area within current geographical boundaries including land area and inland waters, excluding only polar regions and some uninhabitated is- lands. Inland waters are defined as major rivers and lakes. (source: IMF, UN statistical office; several years) variable 4: Population. Data (in millions of people) refer to United Nations Estimates 1 ICPSR 9115 INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL DATA ON THE EUROPEAN SYSTEM Page 3 of the mid-year defacto population within current geographical boundaries. (source: IMF, UN statistical office; several years) variable 5: Students at universities and Equivalent Institutions. Data (in thousands of people) refer to persons enrolled in education at the third level, i.c. universities and other institutions for higher education. (source: Mitchell, UN statistical office; several years) variable 6: Gross Domestic Product (at market prices). Data (in 1000 million US-dollars) refer to the market value of production before deduction of provisions for the consumption of fixed capital, attributable to factor services supplied to resi- dents. It is equal to the sum of consumption expenditure and gross domestic capital formation, private and public, and the net exports of goods and services of the country. (Gross domestic capital formation = fixed capital formation + increase of stocks.) It differs from Gross National Product at market prices by the exclusion of net factor incomes received from abroad. For nations with centrally planned economies, the figures on Net Material Product (NMP) have been inserted. The NMP differs from the GDP due to the exclusion of depreciations and costs of maintenance spent on capital goods and inventories of supplies. Furthermore, the NMP excludes incomes from especially commercial services not being provided by the state. (source: IMF, UN statistical office; several years) variable 7: Gross Fixed Capital Formation. Data (in 1000 million US-dollars) refer to the monetary value of purchases and own-account production of new producers' durable goods, reduced by net sales to the rest of the world of similar second hand or scrapped goods. (source: IMF, UN statistical office; several years) variable 8: Total Imports. Data (in 1000 million US-dollars) refer to the monetary value of all merchandise transactions from the rest of the world c.i.f. (cost of insurance and freight included), usually recorded by customs authorities. (source: IMF, UN statistical office, Marer; several years) variable 9: Total Exports. Data (in 1000 million US-dollars) refer to the monetary value of all merchandise transactions to the rest of the world f.o.b. (free on board), usually recorded by customs authorities. (source: IMF, UN statistical office, Marer; several years) variable 10: Central Government Current Expenditures. Data (in 1000 million US-dollars) refer to the purchase of goods and services by the central government only, but include all departments, offices, agencies and instruments of that govern- ment. Non-central government and public enterprises are included only as recipients of transfers or subsidies from the central 1 Page 4 (INDES), 1945-1980 ICPSR 9115 government. Transfers to households, subsidies to producers and interest on the public debt are included, but payments on the public debt are excluded. Capital expenditures are excluded, but all military expenditures are included in the current account. (source: IMF, UN statistical office, Comecon Data; several years) variable 11: Central Government Current Revenues. Data (in 1000 million US-dollars) refer to both tax- and non-tax revenue of the central government only, but include all depart- ments, offices, agencies and instruments of that government. Non-central government and public enterprises are included only insofar as they contribute directly to the revenue of the central treasury. Transfers received from foreign governments and international organizations or from governments at other levels are excluded. Profits from the sale of non-financial capital assets should be excluded but are often included under non-tax revenues. (source: IMF, UN statistical office, Comecon Data; several years) variable 12: Defense Expenditures. Data (in million US-dollars) refer to government expenditures for military purposes. These include: military research and de- velopment; costs of retirement pensions; and cost of para-military forces and police when judged to be trained and equipped for military operations. Also included is military aid which is excluded in the budget of the recipient nation. Further exclusions are civil defense, war pensions and payments on war debts. (source: SIPRI) variable 13: Solid Energy Production. Data (in million metric tons of coal equivalent) refer to pro- duction of coal, brown coal and lignite. original units of volume have been converted. (source: UN World Energy Supplies) variable 14: Liquid Energy Production. Data (in million metric tons of coal equivalent) refer to pro- duction of crude petroleum, shale oil, natural gas liquids and oils obtained from the distillation of solid fuels. Original units of volume have been converted by use of specific gravities. (source: UN World Energy Supplies) variable 15: Gaseous Energy Production. Data (in million metric tons of coal equivalent) refer to pro- duction of gas obtained from gasfields, petroleum fields or coal mines actually collected and utilized as a fuel or raw material measured at 15 degrees celsius and 760 mm/hg. Excluded are gas used for repressuring and reinjection as well as gas flared, vented or otherwise wasted, and shrinkage accruing to processing for the extraction of natural gas liquids. Original units of volume have been converted. (source: UN World Energy Supplies) variable 16: Electric Energy Production. Data (in million metric tons of coal equivalent) refer to total 1 ICPSR 9115 INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL DATA ON THE EUROPEAN SYSTEM Page 5 gross production of electricity generated by public utilities (i.e. public or private enterprises produce primarily for use in the public sector) and by industrial establishments generating for their own use or for sale. Output is measured at generating centres and therefore usually includes station use and transmission losses. Original units of volume have been converted. (source: UN World Energy Supplies) variable 17: Solid Energy Consumption. (see Solid Energy Production) variable 18: Liquid Energy Consumption. (see Liquid Energy Production) Figures exclude non-energy petro- leum products. variable 19: Gaseous Energy Consumption. (see Gaseous Energy Production) Production of refinery gas is treated as an element of liquid fuel rather than of gas. variable 20: Electric Energy Consumption. (see Electric Energy Production) variable 21: Wheat Production. Data (in 1000 metric tons) refer to the production of wheat. (source: UN statistical office, FAO; several years) variable 22: Potatoes Production. Data (in 1000 metric tons) refer to the production of potatoes. (source: UN statistical office, FAO; several years) variable 23: Meat Production. Data (in million metric tons) refer to meat from animals slaughtered within the national boundaries irrespective of the origin of the animal. (source: UN statistical of f ice; several years) variable 24: Milk Production. Data (in million tons) refer to the total production of milk for consumption or for conversion into products such as butter, cheese, condensed milk, etc. The figures, in principle, exclude milk sucked by, but include milk fed to, young animals. (source: UN statistical office; several years) variable 25: Fishery Production. Data (in million metric tons) refer to, as far as possible, both sea and inland fish catches and they are all expressed in terms of live weight. They generally include crustaceans and mollusks, but exclude seaweed and aquatic mammals (whales, dolphins, etc.). Figures include landings by domestic crafts in foreign ports and exclude landings of foreign crafts in domestic ports. The flag of the vessel is considered as the paramount indication of the nationality of the catch. (source: UN statistical office; several years) 1 Page 6 (INDES), 1945-1980 ICPSR 9115 variable 26: Forestry Production. Data (in million cubic meter) refer to solid volume of roundwood without bark, whether for use as a fuel or for conversion into lumber, veneer or other products. (source: UN statistical office; several years) variable 27: Rubber Production. Data (in 1000 metric tons) refer to production of natural rubber including latex, but excluding reclaimed rubber. (source: UN statistical office; several years) variable 28: Iron Ore Production. Data (in 1000 metric tons) refer to the ferro content of produced iron ore. The figures generally refer to the iron content of marketable ores mined, including manganiferrous iron ores but excluding pyrites which are intended for treatment for iron recovery. (source: UN statistical office; several years) variable 29: Pig Iron Production. Data (in million metric tons) refer to pig-iron and ferro-alloys including foundry and steelmaking pig-iron, spiegeleisen and ferromanganese and other ferro-alloys. (source: UN statistical office; several years) variable 30: Crude Steel Production. Data (in million metric tons) refer to crude steel production including both ingots and steel for castings. (source: UN statistical office; several years) variable 31: Aluminium Production. Data (in 1000 metric tons) refer to primary aluminium recovered by the electrolitic reduction of alumina from domestic and im- ported ores. (source: UN statistical office; several years) variable 32: Potash Fertilizer Production. Data (in 1000 metric tons) refer to the production of commercial fertilizer in terms of plant nutrient content and include a small amount of technical potash. (source: UN statistical office; several years) variable 33: Sulphuric Acid Production. Data (in million metric tons) refer to pure monohydrate sulphuric acid, including the sulphuric acid equivalent of oleum or fuming sulphuric acid. (source: UN statistical office; several years) variable 34: Motor Vehicles Production. Data (in 1000 units) refer to passenger cars and commercial vehicles. Passenger cars are defined as three- and four-wheeled road motor vehicles other than motor-cycle combinations, intended for the transport of passengers and seating not more than nine persons (including driver), which are manufactured wholly or mainly from domestically produced parts. Passenger cars shipped in "knocked down" form for assembly abroad are included. 1 ICPSR 9115 INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL DATA ON THE EUROPEAN SYSTEM Page 7 Commercial vehicles are defined as light and heavy lorries (trucks) including articulated lorries, pickup trucks, delivery vans, but excluding buses and coaches, trolley-buses and road-tractors for tractor-trailer combinations. (source: UN statistical office; several years) variable 35: Locomotives Production. Data (in 1000 units) refer to electric and diesel locomotives produced. Locomotives are defined to be used for hauling railway vehicles. (source: UN statistical office; several years) variable 36: Electronics Production. Data (in million units) refer to the total production of radio and television receivers of all kinds. (source: UN statistical office; several years) variable 37: Motor Vehicles In Use. Data (in million units) refer to passenger cars and commercial vehicles (see Motor Vehicles Production). For years in which a census or registration took place this figure is presented; for other years the officially estimated number of vehicles is given. Special purpose vehicles such as two- or three-wheeled cycles ands motorcycles, trams, ambulances, military vehicles operated by police or other government security organizations are excluded. (source: UN statistical office; several years) variable 38: Merchant Shipping. Data (in million gross registered tons = 2.83 cubic meter) refer to the total volume of all enclosed spaces of all vessels float- ing under the national flag. All ships built of wood and non-selfpropelled vessels are excluded but sailing vessels fitted with auxiliary power are included. (source: UN statistical office; several years) variable 39: Railways Transportation. Data (in 1000 net ton-kilometers) refer to domestic and inter- national traffic on all national railway lines except railways entirely within an urban unit and plantation, industrial mining, funicular and cable railways. Freight includes both fast and ordinary goods services but excludes service traffic, mail bag- gage and non-revenue governmental stores. (source: UN statistical office; several years) variable 40: Airline Transportation. Data (in 1000 million passenger-kilometers) refer to both domes- tic and international scheduled services operated by civil air- lines registered in each country. Scheduled services include supplementary services as a result of overflow traffic on flights for new scheduled services. (source: UN statistical office; several years) variable 41: Telephone Connections. Data (in million units) refer to the number of public and private telephones installed which can be connected to a central 1 Page 8 (INDES), 1945-1980 ICPSR 9115 exchange. (source: UN statistical office; several years) variable 42: Telegram Messages. Data (in million units) refer to all types of paid telegrams (full rate and letters), but exclude messages in transit. Figures presumably reflect territorial changes and differences in reporting. (source: UN statistical office; several years) variable 43: Total Military Personnel. Data (in thousands of people) refer to personnel with military ranks in all parts of national defense. Personnel with military ranks having intranational security duties are excluded. (source: IISS; several years) variable 44: Military Personnel in the Army. Data (in thousands of people) refer to the total number of per- sonnel with military ranks in the national army. (source: IISS; several years) variable 45: Military Personnel in the Navy. Data (in thousands of people) refer to the total number of per- sonnel with military ranks in the national navy. (source: IISS; several years) variable 46: Military Personnel in the Airforce. Data (in thousands of people) refer to the total number of per- sonnel with military ranks in the national airforce. (source: IISS; several years) variable 47: Nuclear Delivery Vehicles. Number (in units) of rockets and strategic bombers capable of carrying nuclear warheads across a range of over 5000 km. (source: IISS; several years) variable 48: Tanks. Number (in units) of tanks as identified by the International Institute for Strategic Studies. (source: IISS; several years) variable 49: Battleships. Number (in units) of ships for naval purposes of more than 100 gross registered tons (including river patrol vessels and landing craft. (source: IISS; several years) variable 50: Fighters and Bombers. Number (in units) of tactical and strategic aircraft for military purposes (including reconnaissance aircraft, armed instruction jets and combat helicopters). (source: IISS; several years) 1 ICPSR 9115 INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL DATA ON THE EUROPEAN SYSTEM Page 9 The contents of the international file The international file contains data on 4 international characteristics of interactions among the 27 nations and the rest of the world at 8 moments of observation. The first three variables represent the actor-nation, the target-nation and the moments of observation, which are followed by the data on four international characteristics for the dyad of nations specified. The data are written on the international file in a SPSS readable format: (3f3.0,4f9.2) variable 1: Actor-nation. Figures identify the unit of analysis (see variable 1 in the previous section). variable 2: Target-nation. Figures identify the unit of analysis (see variable 1 in the previous section). variable 3: Time-code. Figures identify the year of observation (45/50/55/60/65/70/ 75/80). variable 4: Exports. Data (in million US-dollars) refer to the monetary value of all merchandise transactions from an actor-nation to another target-nation f.o.b. (free on board), usually recorded by customs authorities. (source: IMF, UN statistical office, Marer; several years) variable 5: Cooperative Actions. Interval values of the number of co-operative acts of the actor-nation directed at the address of the target-nation. Values of such behaviour have been computed from the data on co-operative behaviour between nations in 7 policy areas reported in the COPDAB database (Azar, 1980). Detailed information about the applied aggregations, the means and standard deviations used for standardization, and the estimated weighing scheme, which has been used for representing the data on 7 policy areas in one value of cooperative behaviour, can be found in Faber (1987). For any pair of actor-target nations, actions of zero intensity in all 14 co-operative and conflictual policy areas results in a value of -7.85 for cooperative behaviour. A value smaller than -7.85 will occur when in the 7 cooperative policy areas interactions are of zero intensity and the intensity in one or more of the conflictual policy areas is larger than zero. This is due to the correlation of .425 between cooperation and conflict in the estimated measurement model of both concepts. Zero actions sent by the USA to the rest of the world in 1948 should give a value for co-operation equal to -7.85 * 49(nations) = -348.65. The 1945 data represent the situation in 1948 and the 1980 data the situation in 1978, because COPDAB covers only the period 1 Page 10 (INDES), 1945-1980 ICPSR 9115 1948-1978. variable 6: Conflictual Actions. See the definition of Cooperative Actions (read conflictual for co-operative and the other way around, and replace -7.85 by -15.07 and -384.65 by -738.43 in that definition). variable 7: Distance. Data (in 100 kilometers) refer to the distances between cities taken as national midpoints of the 27 nations included. These distances are measured around the globe by applying trigonometric functions to the differences in the geographical coordinates of these cities. The cities used as points of measurement are: Kajaani (Finland); Sundsvall (Sweden); Trondheim (Norway); Arhus (Denmark); Novosibirsk (USSR); Lodz (Poland); Berlin (GDR); Olomauc (Czechoslovakia); Keckskemet (Hungary); Sibiu (Rumania); Plovdiv (Bulgaria); Tiranna (Albania); Ankara (Turkey); Athens (Greece); Sarajevo (Yugoslavia); Dublin (Ireland); Sheffield (United Kingdom); Utrecht (Netherlands); Frankfurt am Main (GFR); Brussels (Belgium-Luxemburg); Bourges (France); Bern (Switzerland); Vienna (Austria); Rome (Italy); Madrid (Spain); Lissabon (Portugal); and Kansas City (USA). (source: Times Atlas of the World) Complications The presentation of the data has been designed to facilitate international comparisons. Hence, all monetary values are presented in current US-dollars. If data on variables were reported in national currency units, US-dollar equivalents have been obtained by converting these data at exchange rates as published by the International Monetary Fund (International Fi- nancial Statistics). In the case of nations with centrally plan- ned economies, official exchange rates were used in the absence of a preferable alternative. International comparisons should take into account differences in transaction prices due to mar- ket-imperfections or restrictions that are not reflected via (official) exchange rate conversions. Since information is too fragmentary to permit adjustments, no adjustments were made. Furthermore, the international comparability of statistics continues to be handicapped by numerous differences in defini- tions and conventions used in individual nations. Next to the availability of data (especially for 1945), many of the problems encountered were in fact due to data revisions and other incon- sistencies among sources. In general, the most recently published values have been utilized. Statistical standardization has been promoted continuously by various international organizations, but national statistical practices often fail to conform to proposed international standards because of divergent historical developments and the political, economic and 1 ICPSR 9115 INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL DATA ON THE EUROPEAN SYSTEM Page 11 administrative requirements of national policy-making agencies. Often there is nothing one can do about this lack of uniformity except indicate its existence and warn against "exact" results obtained from analyses of data in this database. Such results should be interpreted in a relative way, i.e. in terms of "large", "small", "larger than", and "smaller than". Utilized sources of data In the compilation of the database, only public sources of data have been used. The sources that have been consulted during the gathering of data on the various characteristics are listed below. Azar,E.E. (1980), The Conflict and Peace Databank (COPDAB), ICPSR, Ann Arbor. I.I.S.S. (several years), Military Balance, International Institute of Strategic Studies, London. I.M.F. (1983), Directions of Trade Statistics, International Monetary Fund, New York. I.M.F. (1983), International Financial Statistics, International Monetary Fund, New York. Marer, P. (1972), Soviet and East-European Foreign Trade. 1946-1969, Indiana University Press, Bloomington. Mitchell, B.R. (1980), European Historical Statistics 1750-1975, London. Paxton, (ed.) (several years), Statesman's Yearbook, London. S.I.P.R.I. (several years), World Armament and Disarmament, in SIPRI Yearbook, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Stockholm Times (1975), Times Atlas of the World, London, Times Books. United Nations (several years), The Growth of World Industry, Commodity Production Data, United Nations, New York. United Nations (several years), Yearbook of Industrial Statistics, Commodity Production Data, United Nations, New York. United Nations (several years), Yearbook of International Trade Statistics, United Nations, New York. United Nations (several years), Yearbook of National Account 1 Page 12 (INDES), 1945-1980 ICPSR 9115 Statistics, United Nations, New York. United Nations (several years), Statistical Yearbook, United Nations, New York. United Nations (several years), World Energy Supplies, United Nations, New York. V.I.C.E.S. (1979), Comecon Data, Vienna Institute for Comparative Economic Studies, Vienna. In the definitions of Cooperative and Conflictual Actions between nations, references have been made to: J.Faber (1987), Measuring cooperation, conflict and the social network of na- tions,in: Journal of Conflict Resolution, vol.31, p 438-464